Pigment metal-toner

The first synthetic organic pigments were used to shade or tone the weaker colorants and became known as toners. Metal toners usually contain one sulfonic acid group and often a carboxyUc acid group. The pigment is rendered iasoluble, ie, laked Ai a heavy metal cation. An example of a calcium salt is Lithol Rubine BK [5858-81-1] Vhl) (Cl Pigment Red 57 Cl 15850). 

MAJOR USES Used for making steel, alloys and bricks in furnaces increases resistance and durability in metals protective coating for automotive equipment and accessories chrome plating manufacture of dyes and pigments textiles toner for copying machines treatment of cooling tower water. 

Iron oxide blacks, reds and yellows confer good durability but they are also dull colours. They can affect the durability of certain other pigments, notably some metal toners and some organics. 

Another important class of pigment are the so-called toner pigments. These are water-soluble dyes containing sulfonic acid groups which are insolubilized by forming a salt with a divalent cation such as calcium and barium5 (Scheme 2). Until recently the toner pigments were perceived merely as insoluble salts but X-ray studies have shown them to exist as supramolecular metal complexes (see Section 9.12.4.2). 

Metal complex dyes and pigments perform key functions in both the image generation step and the toner development step. It is the metal complex pigment that produces the positive hole in the organic photoconductor. 

Charge control agents (CCAs) can be either colored or colorless and are mainly metal complex dyes rather than pigments. Colored CCAs are more effective than colorless CCAs but, because of their color, are restricted to black toners. Colorless CCAs are needed for yellow, magenta, and cyan toners. 

Currently, besides catering to the pharmaceutical industry, Luid energy milling is employed for size reduction of agricultural chemicals, carbon black, ceramics, cosmetics, pigments, precious metals, propellants, resins, and toner materials. 

Use Reagent in analytical chemistry, paint pigment, production of molybdated toners and lakes, metal finishing, brightening agent for zinc plating, corrosion inhibitor, catalyst in dye and pigment production, additive for fertilizers and feeds, micronutrient. 

Some ferrites that have been obtained by coprecipitation are shown in Table 3.2. Besides the preparation of powders for the ferrite industry, raw materials prepared by coprecipitation are used for the manufacture of pigments and magnetic toners and for the removal of heavy metal ions from waste water (Takada, 1982). 

Uses Pigment for cosmetics, sunscreens, automotive paints/coatings, other metallic paints, fillers for magnetic tapes/floppy disks/UV-shielding paints/inks/plastics, additives forfire retardants and electrophotography toners... 

Uses fungicide pigment in paints reagent toner in photography. Copper metal is used in, e.g., dental alloys (cupric sulfate). ICU A... 

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