Pigging systems

Applicable to a wide range of applications. Especially attractive for long pipelines, multiproduct plants and for batch operation. 

Pipe material Constmction Valves, flanges Pipe material Constmction Valves, flanges, pressure relief vessel  

Cleaning agent Rinsing once Loss of product Disposal of lost product and cleaning agent 3 pigs, EUR 250 each maintenance (no rinsing)  

---

Edwards S A and Casabianca F (1997), Perception and reality of product quality from outdoor pig systems in Northern and Southern Europe , in Sorensen J T, Livestock Farming Systems-more than food production, Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, 145-156. 

Because of the complexity of organic systems, they are each more likely to be almost unique, presenting even greater problems in making comparisons and generalising from a result on one farm to others. This has always been the case for site-specific livestock systems (for example, grazing systems) compared with, say, intensive poultry or pig systems, which may be very similar wherever they are. 

Figure 12 shows the effect of measuring two different concentrations of 146S in the presence of a dilution series of 12S. The rabbit/guinea pig system demonstrated that the 12S was titratable. There was no significant effect on the detection of the constant amount of each of the 146S samples in any of the mAh capture/detector systems. Error bars representing 2 kSD from the mean OD of each sample are shown. 

Figure 13 shows the results of titrating 146S in the presence of a relatively high concentration of 12S. The rabbit/guinea pig system indicates the level of reaction owing to the 12S observed after the 146S is diluted to a level below that of the 12S. No such plateau is observed in the mAb systems. 

Percentage of competition plots of guinea pig and rabbit IgG competing for the guinea pig system. 

BAT is to use pigging systems in multiproduct plants with liquid raw materials and products (see Section 12.1.16)... 

The intelligent magnetic pig KOD-4M-1420 was developed and passed trials. This system is designed to provide corrosion and cracks detection in the operating underground gas pipelines at the distances up to 150 km. 

Pig. 5. Comparison of the qi expectation value of the uncoupled QCMD bundle ([g]e o) and full QD ( q)qd) for the test system for e = 1/100 (pictures on top) and e = 1/500 (below). Initial data as in Fig. 3. The shaded domain indicates the funnel between the two curves Qbo and geo (cf. Thm. 5). The light dashed line shows Hagedorn s limit solution qna and the dense lines (q )Qo (left hand pictures) and [ ]e s (right hand pictures). 

Long-lasting vasoconstriction is produced by the ETs in almost all arteries and veins and several studies have shown that ET-1 causes a reduction in renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion. ET-1 has been reported to be a potent mitogen in fibroblasts and aortic smooth muscle cells and to cause contraction of rat stomach strips, rat colon and guinea pig ileum. In the central nervous system, ETs have been shown to modulate neurotransmitter release. 

Pig. 5. Schematics of (a) direct-firing hot-fan system for pulverized coal and (b) low NO burner for coal firing. 

Pig. 10. (a) Pressure-enthalpy diagram and (b) system schematic for a system with flash economizers. 

Bromothiophenes are toxic materials by aU routes. Inhalation toxicity of 2-bromothiophene is significant. Ecotoxicity is also noted for these materials, particularly for 2-bromo-3-methylthiophene. 2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde and the 3-methyl derivative can cause minor irritation to the skin and eyes of rabbits. The former is a sensitizer to guinea pig skin, the latter is not. 2-Acetylthiophene is toxic in aU modes of contact. Severe exposure causes serious inflammation of the lung, damage to many organs, and depression of the central nervous system. 

---