Physicochemical properties of pectins

Rinaudo, M. 1996. Physicochemical properties of pectins in solution and gel states, Pectins and Pectinases, eds., J. Visser and A.G.J. Voragen, New York Elsevier, pp. 21-34. 

The composition and physicochemical properties of pectin depend on source material, technology and purification process used during the extraction. 

Koubala, B.B Mbome, L.l Kansci, G Tchouanguep Mbiapo, F Crepeau, M.-J Thibault, J.-F Ralet, M.-C. Physicochemical properties of pectins from ambarella peels (Spondias cytherea) obtained using different extraction conditions. Food Chemistry, v. 106, p. 1202-1207, 2008. 

This chapter reviews the physicochemical and functional properties of pectins, their biological role in plants and physiological effects either as naturally occuring or as intent plant foods. 

Saravanan M., Rao K. R (2010). Pectin-gelatin and alginate-gelatin complex coacervation for controlled drug delivery Influence of anionic polysaccharides and drugs being encapsulated on physicochemical properties of microcapsules. 80, 808-816. 

Extraction is a method used for obtaining components fix)m a solid mixture or solution. Generally the extraction consists of two steps, the material to be extracted is first soaked in a solvent to swell and hydrate it, and then the soluble components move into the extraction solvent by the mass transfer actions of diffusion and permeation (Mustafa Turner, 2011). The utilization of a suitable method for pectin extraction is significant to maximize its extraction yield and improve the product quality. Numerous scientific publications have studied the influence of extraction conditions on the physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of pectin extracted from various plant tissues (Guo ei al, 2014 Jiang et aL, 2012 Koubala et al., 2008 Levigne et al., 2002 Xu et al., 2014 Yapo et al., 2007 Yapo, 2009a). 

A number of factors must be considered when selecting a suitable polysaccharide or combination of polysaccharides to fabricate a biopolymer-based delivery system. It is important to establish suitable environmental and solution conditions in which the polysaccharide molecules can associate with other polysaccharide or non-polysaccharide structure-forming molecules. To do so, one needs to know the physicochemical properties of the polysaccharides involved, such as helix-coil transition temperatures (for carrageenan, alginate,pectin) electrical properties (pKa values) sensitivity to specific monovalent or multivalent ions or susceptibility to enzyme or chemical reactions (BeMiller and Whistler, 1996). The most widely used carbohydrates for encapsulation purposes are probably alginates (Kailasapathy and Champagne, 2011 Kainmani et al, 2011), starch (Li et al, 2009) and its linear biopolymer amylose (Lalush et al, 2005). 

The use of biopol5nners as pectins in the formulation for the manufacture of carriers, facilitates the modulation of physicochemical properties of nano- and microparticles, such as the surface charge or the adhesiveness [11]. This leads researchers to choose polysaccharides as polymer to support their systems. 

It is clear from the above discussion that the rheological properties of FCOJ will depend on the °Brix, pulp content, size and shape of the pulp particles, and pectin content of FCOJ sample, and the temperature at which the data were obtained. Carter and Buslig (1977) studied particle size distribution in commercial frozen FCOJ samples. Mizrahi and coworkers conducted systematic studies on FCOJ that they described as a physicochemical approach (Mizrahi and Berk, 1970 Mizrahi and Firstenberg, 1975 Mizrahi, 1979). They used a modified Casson equation to describe the flow behavior of FCOJ. 

Pectin shows significant potential in drug delivery. It is either used on its own or blended with other polymers to meet the desired physicochemical properties. Pectin has been used as an emulsifier to prepare nanoemulsion consisting of itraconazole, a poorly water-soluble drug [Burapapadh et al., 2010]. An increase in pectin content, especially HM pectin leads to a decrease in emulsion droplet size. HM pectin, which is constituted of a high DE, provides a good emulsification property as a high fraction of hydrophobic... 

Different types of hydrophilic adsorbents with different physicochemical properties were chosen silica is an inorganic uncharged adsorbent, Eudragil S is a. synthetic anionic, whereas chitosan and pectin are cationic and anionic natural polymers, respectively. 

It is proposed that polyphenols and fiber are the main contributors to the observed effects, either individually or in a synergistic interaction. However, bioavailability and metabolism of the numerous apple polyphenols is not completely understood. Moreover, limited data are available for the characterization of apple fiber, in particular pectin, in the different apple varieties and the impact of the physicochemical properties and structure on the degree of effect. Suitably powered randomly controlled, human dietary intervention studies with long intervention periods are required to clarify the protective effects of apples and juice consumption. Further in vivo animal models are also necessary to explore the potential multiple mechanisms of actions. 

Polysaccharide films and coatings are used to extend the shelf life of fruits, vegetables, seafood, meats and confectionary products by preventing dehydration, oxidation rancidity, surface browning and oil diffusion and in some specific cases can improve the physicochemical, nutritional and sensorial properties of the products. The common poly saccharides used for edible films are starches and their derivatives cellulose and its derivatives seaweed extracts gums pectins and chitosan. 

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