Physicochemical properties 1,1-dioxides

In comparison to the classical applied multiphase homogeneous systems, carbon dioxide differs beneficially because reactions can take place without the presence of any phase boundaries. Because of the physicochemical properties, there is a reminiscence of both a gas and a liquid the multiphase system is alleviated to a biphasic reaction mixture, in which... 

Al-Ghawas, H.A., Hagewiesche, D.P., Ruiz-lbanez, G., and Sandall, O.C. Physicochemical properties important for carbon dioxide absorption in aqueous methyldiethanolamine, /. Chem. Eng. Data, 34(4) 385-391, 1989. 

Investigators have attempted to devise mathematical models to predict the phase behavior of compounds in CO2 by means of solute chemical structure alone. Equations of state often fall short of accurate prediction owing to lack of experimentally determined quantities (such as vapor pressure) and other physicochemical properties of the solute (50). Ashour et al., for example, surmised that no single cubic equation of state exists that is appropriate for the prediction of solubility in all supercritical fluid mixtures (51). To further complicate the issue, more than 40 different forms of equations of state and 15 different types of mixing rules have been evaluated vis-a-vis phase behavior in carbon dioxide (52) choosing the correct equation to model solubility in CO2 for a specific system can be a challenging undertaking. 

Corrigan OI, Crean AM. Comparative physicochemical properties of hydro-cortisone-PVP composites prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide by the GAS antisolvent recrystallization process, by coprecipitation and spray drying. Int J Pharm 2002 245 75-82. 

Once emitted, species are converted at various rates into substances generally characterized by higher chemical oxidation states than their parent substances. Frequently this oxidative transformation is accompanied by an increase in polarity (and hence water solubility) or other physical and chemical changes from the precursor molecule. An example is the conversion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) into sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Sulfur dioxide is moderately water soluble, but its oxidation product, sulfuric acid, is so water soluble that even single molecules of sulfuric acid in air immediately become associated with water molecules. The demise of one substance through a chemical transformation can become another species in situ source. In general, then, a species emitted into the air can be transformed by a chemical process to a product that may have markedly different physicochemical properties and a unique fate of its own. 

We believe this to be the first monograph devoted to the physicochemical properties of solutions in organic solvent systems. Although there have been a number of books on the subject of non-aqueous solvents they have been devoted, almost entirely, to inorganic solvents such as liquid ammonia, liquid sulphur dioxide, etc. A variety of new solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethylsulphoxide and propylene carbonate have become commercially available over the last twenty years. Solutions in these solvents are of technological interest in connection with novel battery systems and chemical synthesis, while studies of ion solvation and transport properties have fostered academic interest. 

The average carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio on Earth is 1.12 x 10, although it varies because the physicochemical properties of the molecules are mass-dependent, e.g., the carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and the oceans causes a 9%o lower ratio of atmospheric CO2 relative to ocean bicarbonate. ratios are expressed as this being the... 

Velichenko AB, Amadelli R, Zucchini GL, Girenko DV, Danilov FI (2000) Electrosynthesis and physicochemical properties of Fe-doped lead dioxide electrocatalysis. Electrochim Acta 45 4341 350... 

Water is the active medium of PEFCs. From a chemical point of view, water is the main product of the fuel cell reaction. It is the only product in hydrogen fuel cells. Cells supplied with direct methanol or ethanol as the fuel produce water and carbon dioxide in stoichiometric amounts. The low operating temperature implies that water is present in liquid form. It mediates direct electrostatic as well as colloidal interactions in solutions or ink mixtures containing ionomeric, electronic, and electrocatalytic materials. These interactions control phase separation and structural relaxation phenomena that lead to the formation of PEMs and CLs. Variations in water content and distribution, thus, lead to transformations in stable structures of these media, which incur modifications in their physicochemical properties. It is evident that many of the issues of understanding the structure and function of fuel cell components under operation are intimately linked to water fluxes and distribution. 

The first structure determination of a compound of berkelium, the dioxide, was carried out in 1962 [5]. Four x-ray diffraction lines were obtained from 4 ng of Bk02 and indexed on the basis of a face-centered cubic structure with Oq = 0.533 0.001 nm. In the intervening 24 years, considerable information about the physicochemical properties of berkelium has been obtained in spite of the rather limited availability and short half-life of Bk, the only isotope available in bulk quantities. 

Deng Y, Husson P, Delort V, Bess-Hoggan P, Sancehne M, Costa Gomes MF (2011) Influence of an oxygen functionalization on the physicochemical properties of ionic liquids density, viscosity, and carhon dioxide solubihty as a function of temperature. J Chem Eng Data 56 4194-4202... 

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