Physical Tests and Determinations

Note Chromatographic separations may also be characterized according to the type of instrumentations or apparatus used. The types of chromatography that may be used in the Food Chemicals Codex are column, thin-layer, gas, and high-pressure or high-performance liquid chromatography. 

The Committee on Food Chemicals Codex recognizes that the field of chromatography continues to advance. Accordingly, the use of equivalent or improved systems is acceptable with appropriate validation. 

Both the retardation factor and the capacity factor may be used for qualitative identification of a solute or for developing strategies for improving separation. In terms of parameters easily obtainable from the chromatogram, the Rf is defined 

Apparatus The equipment needed for column chromatography is not elaborate, consisting only of a cylindrical glass or 

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General chapters on physical tests and determinations are included in Table 16. 

Table 16 General Chapters on Physical Tests and Determinations...

Physical tests and determinations on aerosols. In United States Pharmacopoeia XXII, NF XVII, Ninth Supplement, pp. 3584-3591,1993. 

United States Pharmacopeia, General Chapters Physical Tests and Determinations <711 > Dissolution, Official Compendia of Standards, USP 25, NF 20, p. 2011, 2002. 

Physical tests and determinations <601> aerosols. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP). vol. 25. Rockville, MD U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (2001). 

Note 8 (Ref. Index) Refractive index (Ref. Index) determinations are made at 20° unless another temperature is specified, according to the general method, Appendix II, Physical Tests and Determinations. 

Physical Tests and Determinations (601) Aerosols, The Official Compendia of Standards, USP 24 NF19 U.S. Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, 2000, 1895-1912. 

PHYSICAL TESTS FOR DETERMINING EXPLOSIVE AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF DETONATORS, PRIMERS, IGNITERS AND FUZES... 

Hopkinson s Pressure Bar Test. See under Physical Tests for Determining Explosive and Other Properties in Vol 1 of Encycl, p XVI... 

NO) Encyclopedia of Explosives, PATR 2700, Vol 4(1969), pp D1060 to D1078, "Analytical Procedures for Explosive Compositions Used in Detonators, Primers, Igpiters and Fuzes" D1078 to D1107 — "Physical Tests for Determining Explosive and Other Properties of Detonators, Primers, Igpiters and Fuzes"... 

See also Section 9 Physical Tests for Determining Explosive and Other Properties of Detonators, Primers, Igniters and Fuzes in Vol 4 of Encycl, pp D1078ff Refs l)Anon, "Ordnance Explosive Train Designers Handbook , NOLTR 1111(1952), Chapters 1 2 2) Anon, "Explosive Trains ,... 

Their examination procedures may be divided into two parts physical testing and chemical analysis. The former determines its value as an explosive from a purely physical standpoint, whereas the latter includes determination of composition and of certain physical characteristics having a direct relation to one of the ingredients of the explosive mixture... 

British Tests. See Physical Tests for Determining Explosive and Other Properties Vol 1 and specifically the following British tests a)Ballistic Pendulum Test, p VII b)Exudation(ot sweating) Tests, p XI c)F7 lest(Figure of Insensitiveness Test) p XII Fragment Gun, p XII d)Friction Sensitivity Tests, p XIII e)Hopkinson s Pressure Bar Test, p XVI and i)Silvered Vessel Test or Waltham Abbey Silver Vessel Test, p XXIV... 

Thus, when a new expl compd is first prepd in the lab it is essential for max safety that a series of preliminary tests be conducted to determine its order of sensitivity (See Physical Tests for Determining Esplosives and Other Properties, Vol 1, pp VII-XXVI). These tests are designed to determine whether the compd can be handled at all, and if so, with what care it must be treated. It is important that much less than lg (ca 0.2g) of solvent- vet or dissolved new expl be prepd, because for some expls even lg is more than sufficient to kill an unprotected person. For this reason, the tests referred to above should be conducted in the order ... 

The examination of black pigments comprises certain technical and physical tests, indicated in paragraphs 1-3, and also chemical tests and determinations (paragraphs 4-7) for the purpose either of distinguishing the different products from one another (especially the determination and examination of the ash) or of ascertaining their purity and value. 

Although modern counterfeiters have mastered the duplication of the outside appearance of precious metals, some simple chemical/physical testing can determine their authenticity. Consult a reference book and determine the densities of gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, nickel, and zinc. 

Testing within the content of this Chapter includes all the various physical checks that may be required during production of the components and their fabrication into the finished structure, as well as on the structure itself They may be purely visual checks, dimensional measurements, or chemical or physical tests to determine various specified properties. In general the purpose of the tests will be to check that the structure and its component parts conform with the initial specification. 

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