Physical tests for determining explosive and

PHYSICAL TESTS FOR DETERMINING EXPLOSIVE AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF DETONATORS, PRIMERS, IGNITERS AND FUZES... 

Hopkinson s Pressure Bar Test. See under Physical Tests for Determining Explosive and Other Properties in Vol 1 of Encycl, p XVI... 

NO) Encyclopedia of Explosives, PATR 2700, Vol 4(1969), pp D1060 to D1078, "Analytical Procedures for Explosive Compositions Used in Detonators, Primers, Igpiters and Fuzes" D1078 to D1107 — "Physical Tests for Determining Explosive and Other Properties of Detonators, Primers, Igpiters and Fuzes"... 

See also Section 9 Physical Tests for Determining Explosive and Other Properties of Detonators, Primers, Igniters and Fuzes in Vol 4 of Encycl, pp D1078ff Refs l)Anon, "Ordnance Explosive Train Designers Handbook , NOLTR 1111(1952), Chapters 1 2 2) Anon, "Explosive Trains ,... 

British Tests. See Physical Tests for Determining Explosive and Other Properties Vol 1 and specifically the following British tests a)Ballistic Pendulum Test, p VII b)Exudation(ot sweating) Tests, p XI c)F7 lest(Figure of Insensitiveness Test) p XII Fragment Gun, p XII d)Friction Sensitivity Tests, p XIII e)Hopkinson s Pressure Bar Test, p XVI and i)Silvered Vessel Test or Waltham Abbey Silver Vessel Test, p XXIV... 

W) C. Belgrano, "Gli Esplosivi , U. Hoepli, Milano (1952), pp 15 to 53 (Physical tests for mining explosives. Included are density, stability, Trauzl test, detonation velocity, Hess test, crusher test, sympathetic detonation test, sensitiveness to initiation, sensitiveness to impact, steel plate test and explosion temperature determination) pp 73 to 75 (Analysis of NG) 76 to 84... 

For processes under development, the most cost-effective means of avoiding potential risk is to eliminate those materials that are inherently unsafe that is, those materials whose physical or physico-chemical properties lead to them being highly reactive or unstable. This is somewhat difficult to achieve for several reasons. First, without a full battery of tests to determine, for example, flammability, upper/lower explosivity limits and their variation with scale, minimum ignition temperatures, and so on, it is almost impossible to tell how a particular chemical will behave in a given process. Second, chemical instability may make a compound attractive to use because its inherent reactivity ensures a reaction proceeds to completion at a rapid enough rate to be useful that is, the reaction is kinetically and thermodynamically favoured. 

Experimental procedures for determination of gaseous products of expls on exploding, by means of Bichel Pressure Gage and Crawshaw-Jones Apparatus are described in Ref 1, but no compns of gases are given Refs 1) Ch.E. Munroe J.E. Tiffany, "Physical Testing of Explosives", USBur-Mines Bull 346(1931), 91-99 2) A. Stett-... 

A number of conventional tests and calculation methods exist for determining the comparative performance of different explosives. The determinations of the detonation rate and density require no conventions, since they are both specific physical parameter. 

A large number of various physical parameters have to be determined experimentally in order to test or characterise an explosive. Various physical principles have been applied for such measurements. Accordingly, a large number of different experimental methods exist, as well as various testing apparatuses and procedures. 

The aquarium test is also particularly attractive for numerical modeling since water behaves as a true fluid and its equation of state is well defined. The shock wave in the water and the interface between the explosive cylinder and the water expand in a smooth manner without distortions, which makes modeling of the flow easy and accurate. The aquarium test has been used to determine the physics and chemistry of ideal and nonideal explosives. 

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