Deviations calculating

It has been used to establish the basicity scale of nuclei by means of the deviations calculated from This basicity has in fact a concrete physical sense, corresponding to the pK. of the heterocycloammonium (25. 55) regarding Mills views about the role of an active allenic intermediate (56). such compound could never be isolated or even identified (49). 

Finally, it is worth investigating how deterministic values of material strength are calculated as commonly found in engineering data books. Equation 4.14 states that the minimum material strength, as used in deterministic calculations, equals the mean value determined from test, minus three standard deviations, calculated for the Normal distribution (Cable and Virene, 1967) ... 

The uncertainties are standard deviations, calculated in the appropriate manner (Whittaker Robinson, 1937). 

Means and standard deviations calculated according to Eqs. (4.9) and (4.12) or the following, respectively, are only characteristic for sample subsets if certain pre-requisites are satisfied, the fulfilment of these can be verified by tests. The observed values of measurement series have to... 

The precision limits r and R are given by equations (4.3a) and (4.3b), respectively, where tv>a is the Student /-value for v degrees of freedom and a corresponds to the stated probability, sr is the repeatability standard deviation and Sr is the reproducibility standard deviation calculated from (v + 1) results ... 

Most of the observations are likely to be within the range x 2 s, and practically all within the range x 3. . In common with the sample mean, the value of the standard deviation calculated from a set of observations is only an estimate of the true or population value of the standard deviation s becomes a better estimate of population value) as N increases and... 

Mean and standard deviation calculated from data from 10 rats per diet group. Corrected by adjusting test diets to 2.50 for casein (AOAC). 

If we don t have such an ideal control sample, but only one with a matrix different from the routine sample (e.g. a standard solution) than we have to consider also the uncertainty component arising from changes in the matrix. For this purpose we use the (repeatability) standard deviation calculated from repeated measurements of our routine samples (performed e.g. for a range control chart). When we estimate the reproducibility within laboratory we now have to combine both contributions by calculating the square root of the sum of squares. 

To measure the thermal expansion coefficients, a 0.125 in. thick sample was taken from the cured plates. The Increase in length with temperatures was measured by use of a Dupont 941 Thermomechanical Analyzer (TMA), with a heating rate of 5°C/min. The instrument was calibrated with an aluminum standard. Three runs were made for each sample and standard deviations calculated. 

The sample standard deviation is calculated according to Equation 4.2, in which the d" values are deviations calculated by subtracting each individual percent value from the mean according to Equation... 

Dpdft is the mean pore diameter calculated from the NLDFT pore size distribution ctpdft is the standard deviation calculated from the NLDFT pore size distribution dwaii = ao - DPDFT- the pore wall thickness assuming cylindrical pores... 

Suppose one takes n measurements of a quantity and the measurements are subject to random errors. The value of the mean so measured follows a normal distribution about the true mean. Most calculators give a standard deviation calculated from the formula... 

Figure 3. Relative standard deviations calculated from 10 measurements...

Initial concentration 5.00 x 10-4 M. b Standard deviations calculated by the author. 

Concentration of spinach powder in slurry, % m/V Mean absorbance Relative standard deviation, % Calculated detection limit, xg/g... 

Fig. 36 Definition of parameters a used in Tables 1 and 2. Each a value is a root mean square deviation calculated for the set of C-C bond lengths shown in bold. Low a values (<1.5 pm) are indicative of bond length averaging. The expected value for an alternating pattern of pure single and double bonds is ca. 6 pm [287]...

With the following sums of the squares of deviations calculated from all n pairs of measurements ... 

Standard deviation calculated from experimental data. 

Chromatograph five injections of equal volume, up to 25 pL, of the Standard Solution, and measure the peak response. The relative standard deviation, calculated by the formula... 

Standard Solutions Run through the chromatograph a commercially available standard containing a mixture of fatty-acid methyl esters. Fatty acids and methyl esters with a wide range of carbon numbers and double-bond configurations can be purchased. The calculated concentration should compare to that claimed within 2(7, where cr is the standard deviation calculated from at least 10 replicate determinations, preferably made over a period of several days. 

The computerized aqueous chemical model of Truesdell and Jones (, 3), WATEQ, has been greatly revised and expanded to include consideration of ion association and solubility equilibria for several trace metals, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, solubility equilibria for various metastable and(or) sparingly soluble equilibrium solids, calculation of propagated standard deviation, calculation of redox potential from various couples, polysulfides, and a mass balance section for sulfide solutes. Revisions include expansion and revision of the redox, sulfate, iron, boron, and fluoride solute sections, changes in the possible operations with Fe (II, III, and II + HI), and updating the model s thermodynamic data base using critically evaluated values (81, 50, 58) and new compilations (51, 26 R. M. Siebert and... 

Cetin et al. [29] proposed a simple, precise, fast, and low-cost differential pulse (DP) polarographic method for fhe deferminafion of lornoxicam in pharmaceutical formulations. Results have been compared with those of high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. Mean values and standard deviations calculated by 10 determinations were 8.10 0.12 mg for DP polarography and six determinations were 8.02 0.08 mg for HPLC mefhod. The sfafisfical evaluations indicated that there was no significant difference between the mean values and precessions of fhe fwo mefhods af 95% confidence level (f = 2.64, F = 2.25). 

Root-mean-square deviation calculated from Equation 4. 

In order to check the resist thickness dependence on formation of very fine pitch dot arrays using 30 keV electrons, we calculated electron energy deposition distribution (EDD) using Monte Carlo simulation. As considering the EDD due to electron forward scattering (FS), at least, the miniaturization of the bit size, the deviation value is very crucial. The deviations calculated for PMMA are about 2 nm, about 3 nm and about 8 nm ata resist thickness of 15 mm, 70 nm and 200 nm, respectively. As the resist thickness decreases, the value becomes small. Therefore, we have to use resist films as thin as possible for very fine pitch arrays formation. 

The term system stability is a measure of the bias in assay results generated during a preselected time interval, e.g., every hour up to 10 h, using a single solution. Stability should be determined by replicate analysis of the sample solution and the relative standard deviation calculated. The assay results obtained in different time intervals should not exceed more than 20% of the corresponding value of the system precision. If the value is higher on plotting the assay results as a function of time, the maximum duration of the usability of the sample solution can be calculated. 

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