Physical properties, of paper

Handbook of Paper Science Volume 2 - The Structure and Physical Properties of Paper , ed. H.F. Ranee, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1982, ISBN 0-444-41974-8. 

There is an obvious and profound interplay between the composition and properties of the components in a paper sheet, and the observable and measurable properties of the paper. Interaction of the many complex factors has presented much uncertainty in interpreting the behavior of paper from information about its component parts. The prediction of permanence on the basis of chemical and physical properties of paper and its constituents has likewise encountered considerable difficulty. 

All physical properties of paper do not respond in the same fashion to chemical changes that might occur within the paper. 

Determination of Physical Properties of Paper. BRIGHTNESS. The brightness was measured with a Photovolt model 670 reflectance meter. Measurements were made at 10 different places on both sides of the sheet, and the readings were averaged. 

In order to improve the physical properties of paper, especially strength and resistance to erasure, natural polymers, like starches and gums, are added to the stock, as well as cellulose compounds, like carboxy-methyl cellulose, or synthetic polymers, e.g. polyacrylamides and polyamines. Wet-strength resins, such as polyamide resins, are also often added to the stock. Urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins are no longer in wider use for improving wet strength. 

Torgnysdotter A, Kulachenko A, Gradin P et al (2007) The link between the fiber contact zone and the physical properties of paper a way to control paper properties. J Compos Mater 41 1619-1633... 

Nearly all grades of paper have some percentage of moisture. The content of moisture in paper can vary between 2 and 12 %, depending upon the ambient relative humidity, the type of pulp used, and the level of chemical treatment applied. It can be said that almost all physical properties of paper will change as a result of variations in moisture content. Specifically, water can plasticize the cellulosic fiber, as... 

Emulsion Adhesives. The most widely used emulsion-based adhesive is that based upon poly(vinyl acetate)—poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers formed by free-radical polymerization in an emulsion system. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is typically formed by hydrolysis of the poly(vinyl acetate). The properties of the emulsion are derived from the polymer employed in the polymerization as weU as from the system used to emulsify the polymer in water. The emulsion is stabilized by a combination of a surfactant plus a coUoid protection system. The protective coUoids are similar to those used paint (qv) to stabilize latex. For poly(vinyl acetate), the protective coUoids are isolated from natural gums and ceUulosic resins (carboxymethylceUulose or hydroxyethjdceUulose). The hydroHzed polymer may also be used. The physical properties of the poly(vinyl acetate) polymer can be modified by changing the co-monomer used in the polymerization. Any material which is free-radically active and participates in an emulsion polymerization can be employed. Plasticizers (qv), tackifiers, viscosity modifiers, solvents (added to coalesce the emulsion particles), fillers, humectants, and other materials are often added to the adhesive to meet specifications for the intended appHcation. Because the presence of foam in the bond line could decrease performance of the adhesion joint, agents that control the amount of air entrapped in an adhesive bond must be added. Biocides are also necessary many of the materials that are used to stabilize poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions are natural products. Poly(vinyl acetate) adhesives known as "white glue" or "carpenter s glue" are available under a number of different trade names. AppHcations are found mosdy in the area of adhesion to paper and wood (see Vinyl polymers). 

Other. A large variety of additives are used in paper-coatiag colors primarily to modify the physical properties of the colors (102). At high soHds concentrations in water, mineral pigment particles tend to associate and form viscous pastes. Dispersants (qv) are used to prevent this and to provide low viscosity slurries. Common dispersants include polyphosphates and sodium polyacrylate [9003-04-7]. Various water-soluble polymers are added to coatiag colors and act as water-retention agents and as rheology modifiers. 

Zinc dust is used in the sherardizing process where work pieces are tumbled with zinc dust in rotating steel dmms which are heated electrically or by gas to 370—420°C (149). The steel parts are uniformly coated with zinc. In the chemical and metallurgical industries, zinc dust is used as a reducing agent, in the manufacture of hydrosulfite compounds for the textile and paper industries, and to enhance the physical properties of plastics and lubricants (2). 

The macromonocyclic polyamines and the relevant compounds to be dealt with in this paper are shown in Chart I, along with abbreviation. For the synthetic procedures and physical properties of these compounds readers are requested to consult the references. 

Chapter 9, on entropy and molecular rotation in crystals and liquids, is concerned mostly with statistical mechanics rather than quantum mechanics, but the two appear together in SP 74. Chapter 9 contains one of Pauling s most celebrated papers, SP 73, in which he explains the experimentally measured zero-point entropy of ice as due to water-molecule orientation disorder in the tetrahedrally H-bonded ice structure with asymmetric hydrogen bonds (in which the bonding proton is not at the center of the bond). This concept has proven fully valid, and the disorder phenomenon is now known to affect greatly the physical properties of ice via the... 

In a series of remarkable papers, K. Tamao and S. Yamaguchi have shown that the physical properties of triarylboranes and triarylsilanes can be modified using structural changes induced by increasing coordination numbers [74]. In the same way, the tuning of the photophysical properties of PAr3 systems (96-99) (Scheme 27) according to the coordination number of the P-atom has been achieved [75]. 

In order to understand the relationship between the mixture component, physical properties and consumer acceptance of the lipstick, various lipstick formulations have to be produced. The physical properties of each formulation should be studied. The consumer acceptance towards the product also should be investigated. However, only a part of this work will be discussed in this paper. Here, natural waxes, oils and solvent have been used to produce natural ingredient based lipstick formulations based on the formulation suggested by the statistical mixture design. Contour plot and response surface graph were formed in order to understand the relationship between the mixture component and physical characteristic of the lipstick. 

This is an insoluble gelatin foam produced by whisking warm gelatin solution to a uniform foam, wtiieh is then dried. It ean be cut into suitable shapes, paeked in metal or paper containers and sterilized by dry heat (150°C for 1 hour). Moist heat destroys the physical properties of the material. Immediately before use, it ean be moistened with normal saline eontaining thrombin. It behaves as a meehanieal haemostat providing the ftamewoik on wtiieh blood elotting ean oeeur. 

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