Photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism

Van Oijen T, Van Leeuwe MA, Gieskes WWC, De Baar HJW (2004a) Effects of iron limitation on photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in the Antarctic diatom Chaetoceros brevis (Bacillariophyceae). Eur J Phycol 39 161-171... 

Sedoheptulose occurs as an intermediate in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism (Chapter XIII). 

The electron transfer processes of photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism drive the flow of protons across the membranes of specialized cellular compartments. The chemiosmotic theory, discussed in Chapter 5, describes how the energy stored in a proton gradient across a membrane can be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a mobile energy carrier. Intimate knowledge of thermodynamics and chemical kinetics is required to understand the details of the theory cuid the experiments that eventually verified it. 

Bednar, T. W., and Smith, D. C. (1966). Studies in the physiology of lichens. VI. Preliminary studies on photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in the lichen Xanthoria aureola. NewPhytol. 65,211-220. 

In plants, the meristematic tissues in general are particularly rich in potassium, as are other metabolically active regions, such as buds, young leaves, and ioot tips. Potassium deficiency may produce both gross and microscopic changes in the structure of plants. Effects of deficiency reported include leaf damage, high or low water content of leaves, decreased photosynthesis, disturbed carbohydrate metabolism, low protein content and other abnormalities. 

P is crucial for several aspects of plant metabolism, especially the energy and sugar metabolism, and several enzymatic reactions, including photosynthesis. Plants have therefore developed mechanisms for the uptake and efficient use of P. Maize plants recycled N quicker from old to young tissue when P is deficient, leading to earlier leaf senescence (Usuda 1995). P-deficient plants invest more resources into root development and therefore have an increased root-to-shoot biomass ratio compared to well-nourished plants. Furthermore, they accumulate more carbohydrates in leaves and allocate more carbon to the roots (Hermans et al. 2006). 

Hofius, D., Bornke, F. A. J. (2007). Photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and source-sink relations. In D. Vreugdenhil (Ed.), Potato Biology and Biotechnology Advances and Perspectives (pp. 257-285). Elsevier, Oxford. 

This wonderful book—up to date and authoritative—covers all aspects of plant biochemistry and molecular biology. The following chapters cover carbohydrate synthesis in greater depth Malkin, R. Niyogi, K., Chapter 12, Photosynthesis (pp. 568-629) Dennis, D.T. Blakeley, S.D., Chapter 13, Carbohydrate Metabolism (pp. 630-675) Siedow, J.N. Day, DA., Chapter 14, Respiration and Photorespiration (pp. 676-729). 

Ethanoic acid is activated for biosynthesis by combination with the thiol, coenzyme A (CoASH, Figure 18-7) to give the thioester, ethanoyl (acetyl) coenzyme A (CH3COSC0A). You may recall that the metabolic degradation of fats also involves this coenzyme (Section 18-8F) and it is tempting to assume that fatty acid biosynthesis is simply the reverse of fatty acid metabolism to CH3COSCoA. However, this is not quite the case. In fact, it is a general observation in biochemistry that primary metabolites are synthesized by different routes from those by which they are metabolized (for example, compare the pathways of carbon in photosynthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates, Sections 20-9,10). 

Copper is an essential element. Copper plays a significant role in several physiological processes - photosynthesis, respiration, carbohydrate distribution, nitrogen reduction and fixation, protein metabolism, and cell wall metabolism. Many plant metalloenzymes contain copper. It also influences water permeability of xylem vessels and thus controls water relationships. It is mainly complexed with organic compounds of low molecular weight and with proteins (Henze and Umland, 1987). Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1984) have compiled data on the Cu concentrations in... 

Keiller, D. R., Paul, M. J., and Cockbum, W. 1987. Regulation of reserve carbohydrate metabolism in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum exhibiting C3 and CAM photosynthesis. New PhytoL 197,1-13. 

The most outstanding characteristic of tamarind is its sweet acidic taste, the acid due to mostly tartaric acid. The latter is synthesised in tamarind leaves in the light and translocated to the flowers and fruits (Lewis et aL, 1961 and Patnaik, 1974, both cited in (3)). Tartaric is an unusual plant acid formed from the primary carbohydrate products of photosynthesis, and once formed, it is not metabolically used by the plant (3). The content of tartaric acid does not... 

Fig. 2.1 Photosynthesis and respiration. Left side is Fig. 1.6. Right side shows photosynthesis in which sunlight and water in the atmosphere are absorbed by plants and algae to generate ATP and NADPH, which make carbohydrates and other organic carbon products from carbon dioxide, which is absorbed from the atmosphere separately. All of the carbon in plants and algae is ultimately derived from a single source, carbon dioxide, and they are called autotrophs. Nitrogen is obtained mostly as ammonia from bacterial metabolism of proteins from dead organism in the soil...

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