Photoresists applications

Table 8. Photocurable Polymer Systems For Photoresist Applications...

Cationic photoinitiators are used in coatings, printing inks, adhesives, sealants, and photoresist applications. Most of the applications involve vinyl ether polymerizations or ringopening polymerizations of epoxy monomers (Sec. 7-2b). 

Oxime ester derivatives with heteroaryl components, (I), were previously prepared by the authors (1) and used in photoresist applications. 

A mixture of three isomeric cresols is used in a commercially available cresol-formaldehyde Novolak resin. This mixed Novolak resin, Varcum resin (12), provides adequate properties as a host resin for near-UV- and mid-UV-photoresist applications. Gipstein and his co-workers prepared pure cresol-formaldehyde Novolak resin from each isomeric cresol and compared their spectroscopic and resist characteristics (13). Their data on the UV-absorption spectra of each cresol-formaldehyde Novolak resin together with the commercially available Varcum resin are as follows the absorbances of 0.2 jim thick Novolak films at 250 nm are 0.165(Varcum), 0.096(o-cresol), 0.092(m-cresol), and 0.055(p-cresol). The so-called "window" in the UV absorption at around 250 nm is a maximum with the p-cresol-formaldehyde Novolak resin, while the other isomeric cresol and formaldehyde Novolak resins yielded similar UV absorptions at this wavelength. The smallest UV absorption at 254 nm is an advantage for the p-cresol-formaldehyde Novolak when the resin is used for a deep UV photoresist with a suitable photoactive compound (14). 

The double promoter process involves the successive application of liquid promoter solutions of vinyltrichlorosilane (VTS) and 3-chloropropyltrimethoxy-silane followed by successive cure cycles in dry N2 at 90°C after each application and before photoresist application. The double promoter process evolved because it was felt that the silane reaction with the SiOH surface groups of low temperature oxides was incomplete for a single promoter application, and because vapor silane equipment did not exist at that time. Interestingly, a double HMDS liquid promoter process failed to yield adequate adhesion as well. Later in time, the successful but somewhat complex double promoter process was replaced by the vapor phase HMDS process in the Star 1000 (or 2000) then superior resist image adhesion was obtained on all four oxide substrates with all the photoresists tested. Before the advent of the HMDS vapor priming in standalone or wafer track equipment module chambers, liquid priming solutions were widely used, especially in development areas. 

Since the primary interest for photoresist applications is the gel fraction rather than the sol fraction, the Eq. (15) can be rewritten in a following form ... 

Three distinctly different types of compounds have been added to a polymeric binder and studied for photoresist applications. 

The double promoter process involves the successive application of liquid promoter solutions of vinyltrichlorosilane (VTS) and 3-chloroprop ltrimethoxysilane, followed by successive cure cycles in dry at 90 C before photoresist application. 

Ripsom, J.R. and Wopschall, R.H., Optimizing Dry Film Photoresist Application for Fine Line Innerlayers. Proceedings of ther AES Merrimack Valley Printed Circuit Workshop, March (1985). 

Schantz, L.E. and Pusch, J.H., Infrared Baking of positive Photoresist Application for Hybrid Microcircuit Fabrication . Technical Report BDX-613-1256, Bendix Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri (1976). 

Novolac resins are produced commercially from cresol mixtures that contain amounts of m-cresol and p-cresol isomers in varying proportions, depending on the specific application. The reaction proceeds with both metal cation and acid catalysis (Scheme 1.1) Because of strict guidelines for metallic contaminants in semiconductor grade process materials and chemicals, acid catalysis is employed in the synthesis of novolacs used in photoresist applications. In a typical commercial production process, a mixture of m- and p-cresol isomers, formaldehyde (most often in the form of formalin, a 35-40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde) and an oxalic acid catalyst are reacted, following the description of Pampalone ... 

In this chapter, attention is focused on a number of polymers that are either themselves characterized by special properties or are modified for special uses. These include high-temperature and fire-resistant polymers, electroactive polymers, polymer electrolytes, liquid crystal polymers (LCPs), polymers in photoresist applications, ionic polymers, and polymers as reagent carriers and catalyst supports. 

Multi-hydroxyphenols, such as 1,3-benzenediol, are copolymerized with phenol or (2-,3-,or 4-methyl)phenol to tailor-make polymers for photoresist applications. 

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