Photoionization, electron-transfer

Photoionization Electron transfer inphotosynthesis Torsional dynamics of DNA... 

DGE a AC AMS APCI API AP-MALDI APPI ASAP BIRD c CAD CE CF CF-FAB Cl CID cw CZE Da DAPCI DART DC DE DESI DIOS DTIMS EC ECD El ELDI EM ESI ETD eV f FAB FAIMS FD FI FT FTICR two-dimensional gel electrophoresis atto, 10 18 alternating current accelerator mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure chemical ionization atmospheric pressure ionization atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization atmospheric pressure photoionization atmospheric-pressure solids analysis probe blackbody infrared radiative dissociation centi, 10-2 collision-activated dissociation capillary electrophoresis continuous flow continuous flow fast atom bombardment chemical ionization collision-induced dissociation continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis dalton desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization direct analysis in real time direct current delayed extraction desorption electrospray ionization desorption/ionization on silicon drift tube ion mobility spectrometry electrochromatography electron capture dissociation electron ionization electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization electron multiplier electrospray ionization electron transfer dissociation electron volt femto, 1CT15 fast atom bombardment field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry field desorption field ionization Fourier transform Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance... 

Intensive studies concerning the photoreductive cyclization of distinct ketones and aldehydes are made by Cossy et al. [170], They describe how bicyclic tertiary cycloalkanols 173 and 174 can be prepared from, s-un-saturated ketones 172 in good yields, initiated by photoinduced electron transfer from triethylamine in acetonitrile or by photoionization in pure hexamethyl-phosphoric triamide (HMPA) [171, 172], The reaction is stereo-, chemo- and... 

PHOTOIONIZATION, LIGHT-INDUCED ELECTRON CAPTURE AND ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS... 

We can now consider specific examples of micellar influence on the course of photoinduced electron transfer [25, 26]. The simplest photoinduced electron transfer involves photoionization, i.e., the transfer of an electron from the excited state of a solute to the solvent. The next level of complexity involves electron transfer from an excited donor to an acceptor or from an excited acceptor to a donor. Such reactions can occur either within a photoinert micelle, in a functionalized assembly, or through multicomponent arrays. 

SUPRAMOLECULAR PHOTOIONIC DEVICES PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER (PET) SYSTEMS WITH SWITCHABLE LUMINESCENCE OUTPUT... 

The total process of photoionization can be divided into two sequential stages accumulation of charges and their recombination/separation. The latter stage is represented by two first terms on the RHS of Eq. (3.290). Setting WR = D = 0, one stops the recombination and conserves the ions at the very same place where they were produced, by forward electron transfer. In such a special case only the last term remains on the RHS of Eq. (3.290) and its integral represents merely the accumulation of ions over time at any given distance ... 

Fluorescent PET (photoinduced electron transfer) sensors are considered to be those molecular systems where the binding of ions and other species leads to the perturbation of the competition between the de-excitation pathways of fluorescence and electron transfer. The early developments in this field are traced and the design logic of these sensors is detailed. A variety of examples drawn from different areas of chemistry are classified according to the fluorophore-spacer-receptor format and their photophysical behaviour is rationalized in terms of fluorescent PET sensor principles. Cases are pointed out where such experimental data are unavailable but desirable. During these discussions, the relevance of twisted fluorophore-receptor systems and the contrast with integrated fluorophore-receptor systems is noted. The utility of the fluorescence on-ofP phenomenon in these PET sensors for the area of molecular photoionic devices is pointed out. 

Several other photochemical reactions have been studied in micellar systems. These include excited state acid-base chemistry, photoionization and electron transfer. However, since these reactions typically do not produce permanent products, and since they have been reviewed previously, they will be discussed only briefly in this review. 

In view of the great importance of chemical reactions in solution, it is not surprising that basic aspects (structure, energetics, and dynamics) of elementary solvation processes continue to motivate both experimental and theoretical investigations. Thus, there is growing interest in the dynamical participation of the solvent in the events following a sudden redistribution of the charges of a solute molecule. These phenomena control photoionization in both pure liquids and solutions, the solvation of electrons in polar liquids, the time-dependent fluorescence Stokes shift, and the contribution of the solvent polarization fluctuations to the rates of electron transfer in oxidation-reduction reactions in solution. 

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