Photobiological Applications

It should be mentioned that the impact of excited metallotetrapyrroles on biological systems is not limited to the above areas. It was found and patented [280] that some water-soluble phthalocyanine complexes exhibit bactericidal action on wet cotton fabric exposed to air and solar radiation. Zn(TPPS) is one of the best sensitizers in photokilling the unarmoured dinoflagellate Ptychodis-cus brevis. In the future further directions of photobiological applications of metallotetrapyrroles may emerge. 

Adapted from A. Mills and S-K. Lee, A Web-Based Overview of Semiconductor Photochemistry-Based Current Commercial Applications , Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, 152(2002) Elsevier... 

Fotinos N, Campo MA, Popowycz F, Gurny R, Lange N (2006) 5-Aminolevulinic acid derivatives in photomedicine characteristics, application and perspectives. Photochemistry and Photobiology 82 994-1015. 

Most interesting applications of intramolecular energy transfer between nonconjugated chromophores are found in the conformational studies of biomolecules like nucleic acids and proteins. The experiments on rotational depolarization of emission from intrinsic fluorescent groups on externally attached fluorescent probes, have resulted in a vast store of knowledge which has helped to enrich the subject of photobiology. 

It would be presumptuous to attempt to forecast the future developments in this very wide field of light-induced processes which, as we have seen, covers photophysics, photochemistry and photobiology, with many practical applications. There is no set limit to knowledge, for we have learned since the last century that nature is infinitely more complex than we like to imagine. The advance of knowledge is then like an inflating balloon. As the content of knowledge increases with its volume, so the frontier with the unknown also increases as its surface. 

Olefins are also susceptible to photodegradation reactions other than cycloaddition reactions (43). The olefin bond is susceptible to E(trans)-Z(cis) isomerization as well as oxidation (Fig. 107) (154). Photochemical E-Z isomerization has a major role in photobiological systems and has practical applications in vitamin A and vitamin D industrial processes... 

H. Suginome, Reaction and synthetic application of oxygen-centered radicals photo-chemically generated from alkyl hypoio-dites in CRC Handbook of Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2nd Edition, W. Horspool and F. Lenci (Eds.), pages 109-1-109-44 CRC Press 2004. 

Ben-Hur E, Chan WS (2003) Phthalocyanines in photobiology and their medical applications In Kadish KM, Smith KM, Guilard R (eds) Porphyrin handbook, phthalocyanine properties and materials, vol 19, Chap. 117. Academic Press, New York... 

Bohne, C. (1995) Norrish type I processes of ketones selected examples and synthetic applications, in CRC Handbook of Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology (eds W.M. Horspool and P-.S. Song), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 423-429. 

Pelliccioli, A.P. and Wirz, J. (2002) Photoremovable protecting groups reaction mechanisms and applications. Photochemical S, Photobiological Sciences, (1), 441-458. 

The German public funded project p-PR aims at the development, supply and testing of a microphotoreactor system in production experiments for chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry [51]. The reactor will be tested for exemplary applications of fine chemicals and photobiology. 

The photobiological (in vivo) route. This aims to modify the existing plants, and to model new ones. It can and will, of course, be used for many plant products other than energy but the application to the efficient and convenient manufacture of biomass is potentially the one of largest scale and importance.The efficiency, for example, of photosynthesis in vivo, is less than one tenth of what is theoretically possible. 

Vladimirov YA, Osipov AN, Klebanov GI. Review Photobiological principles of therapeutic applications of laser radiation. Biokhimiya 2004 69(1) 103-13. 

Abstract Recent SAC-CI applications to photobiology and biospectroscopy were summarized. 

Figure 4-14. Comparison of the SAC-CI and experimental results in some photobiological and biospec-troscopic applications...

Although the potential for a highly efficient photobiological H2 system is well recog nized,179 several research challenges74 76 78 142 161 202 limit commercial application at this time. These include... 

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