Phosphorus INDEX

Nutrient Index = Nitrogen Index x Phosphorus Index x Potassium Index X Boron Index x Sodium Index = (1.418 + 0.348 In N) x [1 + 0.195 In (P/60)l... 

There was impaired renal tubular concentrating function within 2 years of therapy with adefovir in 11 recipients of kidney transplants with chronic hepatitis B virus infection [8 ]. There was a significant rise in serum creatinine from 125 to 141 pmol/l and a significant increase in 24-hour proteinuria. Urinary pH fell from 6.60 to 5.65 and bicar-bonaturia from 0.33 to 0.10 mmol/hour. Urinary hydrogen ion excretion rose from 1.79 to 2.44 mmol/1 and there were significant falls in phosphatemia, phosphaturia threshold, and tubular phosphorus reabsorption the phosphorus index of excretion rose. 

E. Pohjala and co-workers. Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon, 76, 159 (1993) The Merck Index, 11th ed., Merck and Co., Rahway, N.J., 1989. 

A comparison of bromine and phosphorus compounds on the flammability of PET fiber shows phosphorus (as phosphine oxide) to be 3.7 times more effective than bromine (Table 1). No synergy was observed. Nevertheless, phosphorus was shown to be more effective than antimony normally used as a synergist, resulting in a higher oxygen index at a lower concentration (Table 2). 

Table 1. Oxygen Index of PET Fibers Containing Phosphorus or Bromine Flame Retardants ...

A compound index constructed by these principles tells whether a given compound is present. It cannot provide information about compound classes, for example, all aluminum derivatives or all compounds containing phosphorus. 

Reports of lead-nutrient interactions in experimental animals have generally described such relationships in terms of a single nutrient, using relative absorption or tissue retention in the animal to index the effect. Most of the data are concerned with the impact of dietary levels of calcium, iron, phosphorus, and vitamin D. These interaction studies are summarized in Table 2-12. 

Fig. 16.2 A 3-year on-farm comparison study in Switzerland where microbial activity in orchard soils (expressed as the ratio of microbial bound carbonmitrogen) was higher (low values indicate higher bacterial presence and activity) in organic (filled symbols) than in integrated (open symbols) managed orchards (same symbol shape = orchards in the same village), (a) A clear correlation between the Cmic Nmic ratio to phosphorus content of the fruit flesh was found which (b) in turn was correlated with the fruit quality index (including sugar and acidity content and fruit flesh firmness) P = phosphorus content of the fruit fresh in mg/kg dry matter.

For specific polymers, halogen-free and phosphorus-free plasticizers can reduce the oxygen index. The transparency can be altered if the compatibility is low and/or the refractive index is inadequate. 

The planar form of phosphole is a first-order saddle point on the potential energy surface, 16—24 kcal/ mol above the minimum (at different levels of the theory). ° (The calculated barriers are the highest at the HF level, which underestimates aromatic stabilization of the planar saddle point, while the MP2 results are at the low end.) It has been demonstrated by calculation of the NMR properties, structural parameters, ° and geometric aromaticity indices as the Bird index ° and the BDSHRT, ° as well as the stabilization energies (with planarized phosphorus in the reference structures) ° and NIGS values ° that the planar form of phosphole has an even larger aromaticity than pyrrole or thiophene. 

This review is intended to cover most of the aspects of NMR in phosphorus chemistry, especially stressing those aspects directly related to electronic and structural factors. Some subjects will only be briefly reviewed, e.g. resonances in solid compounds, in metal complexes [this subject has been treated in a previous article in this seriesa969,1)] and biological applications. All the compounds reviewed are tabulated in either Formula Index I (inorganics) or Formula Index II (organics), the whole comprising of more than four thousand five hundred entries. These indicesf list all available chemical shifts for phosphorus and fluorine those for other nuclei (except protons) are reported in the text of this review. 

The importance of metal complexes of organo-phosphorus in homogeneous catalysis, or the role played by NMR in the structural assignment, needs no stressing. In ref. 1966, 1, a formulae index was presented for all these species studied using resonance other than that of phosphorus and more recently the 31P resonances of these complexes has been fully... 

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