Phosphates, industrial

Production of bifluoride from fluoride by-products from the phosphate industry (9) has hadhttle if any commercial significance. 

M. Smart, Industrial Phosphates, Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif., 1991 D. H. Lauriente, Phosphate Industry Overview, Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif., 1994. 

Food phosphates Industrial phosphates Detergent phosphates Pharmaceuticals... 

In most other countries regulations or recommendations for a decrease of the radon daughter concentrations in homes have not been established. In USA and Canada limits have been given only for special cases, for example building on waste from uranium and phosphate industries (Atomic Energy Control Board, 1977 EPA, 1979 EPA, 1980). In Finland, there are general recommendations for homes (Finnish Radon Commission, 1982). 

Search, W.J. et al. Source Assessment, Nitrogen Fertilizer Industry Water Effluents, Report PB 292 937 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service Springfield, VA, 1979. Shahalam, A.B.M. et al. Wastes from processing of phosphate industry. In Proceedings of 40th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, 1985 Vol. 40, 99-110. 

Specht, R.C. Disposal of wastes from the phosphate industry. J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 1960, 32 (9), 963-974. 

Yapijakis, C. Treatment of phosphate industry wastes. In Handbook of Industrial Waste Treatment, Wang, L.K., Wang, M.H.S., Eds. Marcel Dekker New York, NY, 1992 Chapter 8, 323-383. 

State of Florida. Industrial Wastewater Program—Phosphate Industry. State of Florida, Dept, of Environmental Protection, Miami, FL, Feb. 2004. www.dep.state.fl.us. 

Checkoway H, et al Mortality among workers in the Florida phosphate industry. II. Cause-specific mortality relationships with work areas and exposures. J Occup Med 27 893-896, 1985... 

Vanadium leaches soil from a large number of diverse sources, including waste effluents from the iron and steel industries and chemical industries. Phosphate industries are also a major source of vanadium pollution because vanadium becomes soluble along with phosphoric acids when rock phosphates are leached with sulfuric acid. Vanadium is present in all subsequent phosphoric acid preparations, including ammonium phosphate fertilisers, and is released into the environment along with them. Other sources of vanadium pollution are fossil fuels, such as crude petroleum, coal and lignite. Burning these fuels releases vanadium into the air, which then settles in the soils. 

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