Phenomena hierarchy

Times Grading and Scale Dependence of the Phenomena Hierarchy... 

The main effects that can be reached by appropriate control of the phenomena hierarchy have already been demonstrated by the use of microstructured reactors [8]. They are summarized here in the frame of the previous analysis ... 

The following two examples are intended to show how the performance of a system involving given phenomena can be improved by adapting the characteristic dimensions to the limiting phenomenon that should impose its efficiency. Th also indicate the combination of the couplings with the phenomena hierarchy. 

Nevertheless, the various scale dependencies imply design difficulties that must be taken into account to accelerate phenomena while controlling the hierarchy. As detailed below, the main difficulty in designing intensified reactors lies in changes in the phenomena hierarchy. 

Of special interest in the recent years was the kinetics of defect radiation-induced aggregation in a form of colloids-, in alkali halides MeX irradiated at high temperatures and high doses bubbles filled with X2 gas and metal particles with several nanometers in size were observed [58] more than once. Several theoretical formalisms were developed for describing this phenomenon, which could be classified as three general categories (i) macroscopic theory [59-62], which is based on the rate equations for macroscopic defect concentrations (ii) mesoscopic theory [63-65] operating with space-dependent local concentrations of point defects, and lastly (iii) discussed in Section 7.1 microscopic theory based on the hierarchy of equations for many-particle densities (in principle, it is infinite and contains complete information about all kinds of spatial correlation within different clusters of defects). 

Fig. 11.1. This figure illustrates the process of selection not by restriction but by fit into the next hierarchy of structures. The suitability is a purely chemical phenomenon and the pinhole plate is an imperfect symbol of fit of fragments into the structures of nucleotides which, in turn, are swept up by polymerization reactions. The aperture at the next station restricts on the basis of suitability of nucleic acids for the development of catalytic units. The aperture symbolizing that differentiating process is larger because there are many ways for nucleic acids to end up in living systems in contrast to the first aperture in barrier 1 that is restrictive to the point that only nucleic acids can cross that threshold. The third aperture is the largest yet because there are many ways to make a living. It is movable because the living units that appear will be sensitive to environmental conditions that can mean failure to life forms which would be quite suitable to exist under different conditions.

Crustaceans are known to use pheromones in behavioral contexts other than avoidance, including reproduction and social interactions. For example, at least one spiny lobster, the California spiny lobster Panulirus interrupts, has been shown to be attracted to the odor of conspecifics.131 This pheromonal phenomenon is taken advantage of by workers in the lobster fishery, who use live lobsters as bait in their pots.132 However, relatively little research has been performed on the topic of aggregation pheromones, including the nature of the signal and its sensory reception. Pheromonal chemical signals are also involved in the establishment and maintenance of social hierarchies in crustaceans.133 134... 

So the primordial strong inhomogeneities in the distribution of total, dark matter and baryon density in the Universe is the new important phenomenon of cosmological models, based on particle models with hierarchy of symmetry breaking. 

One of the most remarkable properties of self-assembly is its ability to generate exceedingly coinplica ted supramolecular structures from fairly simple components. Perhaps the most elegant embodiment of this phenomenon is protein stmcture. Proteins exhibit at least four hierarchies of stmcture primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary stmctures. Primary stmcture describes the covalent connections making up the sequence of amino acids in each strand. Secondary stmcture involves local architectural elements created when portions of a strand... 

There is a problem of bound water both in hfeless nature and in biological systems at various levels of the stractural hierarchy. In this regard we can talk about the existence of the phenomenon of bound water with different from hulk water strac-tures and properties [17-19]. Let us consider a model of water associated with biopolymer. The basis of this model is the fact that water molecule can be represented as a distorted tetrahedron because an ideal tetrahedron bond angle is 109.28, and free water molecule bond angle is 104.5. The model assumes that the water may produce a continuous three-dimensional netwoik of tetrahedral particles. 

This phenomenon is commonly seen with respect to college sports. When a team is doing well. University stakeholders rally (often across functional silos and hierarchy) around the team. This makes their organizational identity more salient and they become more vocal about their university affiliation. The related pep rallies, games, and water cooler conversations reinforce employees connections to the organization and to each other. This is probably what was behind a Big School staff member s hopes to Cont. to build the] acadc reputation sports program. Echoed a Big School faculty member, I think we could all do with some more Big School] campus spirit. The individual s institutional pride was based upon academic reputation and the success of Big School s sports teams. 

Appropriate reactor structuring therefore appears as a relevant intensification strategy by offering new dimensions for operation, microstructured reactors can be used to modify selectively the hierarchy and choose the phenomenon that should impose its efficiency on the system. For example, reducing the characteristic dimension accelerates transfer phenomena with respect to homogeneous reactions, enabling one to eliminate detrimental temperature effects. 

Whereas the fundamental characteristic times are scale dependent, the structure of the couplings between these phenomena does not change with the geometric scale. However, changing the hierarchy of these phenomena enables one to control the dominating phenomenon and control the global efficiency of the system. 

As soon as the limiting phenomenon has been identified, different strategies (presented further) can be designed to modify the hierarchy in the sense of a performance increase. 

At large scales (domain 1), the homogeneous reaction is the fastest phenomenon and therefore dominates the hierarchy. This reaction imposes the conversion and the global operation time is equal to the homogeneous reaction time. 

In his dissertation Tim Schweisfiirth combines the corporate as well as the user perspective, focusing on individuals at the intersection of traditional (internal) innovation and user innovation. These embedded lead users are employees of firms who exhibit lead user characteristics in relation to their employing firm s products or services. They are located Inside the firm boundaries and operate within firm hierarchies and routines. At the same time they are embedded in use contexts which typically operate under different goals, norms, and resource constraints. As no evidence on this phenomenon in the literature exists to date, Tim Schweisfiirth investigates two major questions 1) How do embedded lead users contribute to corporate innovation and 2) What are the characteristics of embedded lead users ... 

The final state of the instability sometimes manifests itself as a string of large drops and small ones ( satellites ). The satellites originate from a secondary instability of the liquid sheath as two adjacent drops are in the process of forming. When we deal with instabilities of fluid streams (particularly with viscous liquids), it is sometimes possible to observe a whole hierarchy of satellites, the appearance of which is considered a nuisance in many applications (for example, in ink jet printers, where the phenomenon has a disturbing tendency to degrade the resolution of the printed text). 

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