Phenols and Phenol Derivatives

Some Schiff s bases of methyl anthranilate are interesting fragrance materials  

Trade Names. Auralva (IFF), Aurantha (Takasago), Aurantiol Pure (Giv.-Roure), Aurantion (Quest), 

All of them have a heavy blossom odor and a high tenacity. 

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It should be noted that phenol is the simplest form, or parent compound, of the class of chemicals commonly referred to as phenols or phenolics, many of which are natural substances widely distributed throughout the environment. There is some confusion in the literature as to the use of the term phenol in some cases it has been used to refer to a particular phenolic compound that is more highly substituted than the parent compound (Doan et al. 1979), whereas in other cases it has been used to refer to the class of phenolic compounds (Beveridge 1997). This chapter, however, addresses only those health effects which can be directly attributable to the parent compound, monohydroxybenzene, or phenol. As Deichmann and Keplinger (1981) note It cannot be overemphasized that the structure-activity relationships of phenol and phenol derivatives vary widely, and that to accept the properties of individual phenolic compounds as being those of phenol is a misconception and leads to error and confusion. ... 

Phenol and phenolic derivatives, cresol and related compounds were analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent at 700 m/i, standardizing each compound separately by its Folin response. Their slopes (molar absorption coefficients) were 8000-10,000 M-1cm-1. Interestingly, methoxyl aromatics with no free hydroxyl groups were not reactive. 

Folin, O., and Denis, W., 1915, A colorimetric method for the determination of phenols (and phenol derivatives) in urine, J. Biol. Chem. 22 305-308. 

In the case of aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and naphthalene nitration has been observed upon irradiation of nitrite (and to a lesser extent upon irradiation of nitrate). Differently from phenol and phenol derivatives, benzene and naphthalene do not react at an appreciable rate with HNO2... 

Alkali fusion brings about the replacement of a sulfo group in an aromatic nucleus by hydroxyl, and thus affords a synthesis for numerous technically important phenols and phenol derivatives. Particularly in the naphthalene series, alkali fusion ts one of the most frequently used operations, along with sulfonation, nitration, and reduction. 

Bak F. and Widdel F. (1986) Anaerobic degradation of phenol and phenol derivatives by Desulfobacterium phenolicum sp. nov. Arch. Microbiol. 146, 177-180. 

Phenols are largely formed in the intestine from the aromatic amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. These amino acids are generally elevated in the early stages of HE. Phenols are detoxified in the liver by esterification with glucuronic acid and srrlphuric add. In severe cases of HE, free phenols and phenol derivatives are elevated in the serum and urine. 

At temperatures lower than 550 °C, soot and tar are formed. For the experiments in the miniature plant generally a closure of the carbon balance better than 96 % could be achieved. The results show that at temperatures higher than 550 C a complete gasification of glucose without the formation or only with traces of solid and oily byproducts can be obtained. Residence times are up to 2 min. Samples of the aqueous effluent (residual TOC) contained some phenol and phenol derivatives. 

Alkylation of phenols and phenol derivatives with olefins like isobutene, octene, and nonene to synthesize industrially very important alkylphenols, -cresols, or -xylenols is typically performed at temperatures between 80°C and 120°C. High yields and good selectivities are obtained at these temperatures by using Deloxan catalysts. The very good thermal stability of the Deloxan catalysts allows their use at even higher operating temperatures, like 110°C to 150°C, which results in a higher productivity. 

Rectangular crystals Sol in physiological saline. Practically insol in distilled water. Forms complexes with phenol and phenol derivs that are practically insol in water. 

Since then, materials containing Ti02 and carbon phases have been referred for the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous solutions of several model molecules followed, including phenol and phenol derivatives [13,15,17-20,22,26,27,31, 32,48-50,52,60,68,69,72,74,75,93,99,115,125,138,140,145,147,158,166,176,183, 184,187-189,193,194], other molecules of humic acids class [53], phenoxyacetic acids [85,86], insecticides or pesticides [16,33,34,147,150], and dyes, especially those used in the textile industry [28,29,42,63,68,76,81,82,85,105,122,126,137, 148,184,185], just to cite a few representative examples. 

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