Phenolic resins classification

Phenol-formaldehyde resin Two-stage phenolic resin Classification Phenol-formaldehyde type resin Properties Sol. in alcohol... 

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Flame-Resistant Grades. Grade FR-1, paper-based laminates with a phenolic resin binder, are similar in all properties to Grade XP, but so formulated to have at least a UL94 V-l classification when tested according to UL94. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 4.1 Label Flammable Solid SAFETY PROFILE A poison by subcutaneous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. An irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Some persons suffer a skin rash if they come in contact with this material or the fumes evolved when it is heated. Human mutation data reported. Pure hexamethylenetetramine may be taken internally in small amounts and has been used in medicine as a urinary antiseptic. Its major industrial use is in the manufacture of phenolic resins. 

Raw Materials Base-Catalyzed Reactions Acid-Catalyzed Reactions Classification of Phenolic Resins Unsubstituted and Heat Reactive Unsubstituted and Nonheat Reactive Substituted and Heat Reactive Substituted and Nonheat Reactive Applications... 

Phenolic resins can be divided between heat-reactive and nonheat-reactive resins and between resins made by using unsubstituted or substituted phenols. A review of the four resulting classifications follows. 

Synonyms Resorcinol-formaldehyde latex Resorcinol resin Classification Phenol-formaldehyde resin Definition Thermosetting prepolymer cured by reaction with paraformaldehyde... 

Synonyms Formaldehyde, phenol polymer Formaldehyde, polymer with paraformaldehyde and phenol Paraformaldehyde, formaldehyde, phenol polymer Paraformaldehyde, phenol polymer Phenol-formaldehyde copolymer Phenol, formaldehyde polymer Phenol, polymer with formaldehyde Phenol, polymer with paraformaldehyde Classification Thermosetting polymer Definition Reaction prod, of phenol with aq. 37-50% formaldehyde with basic catalyst chief class of phenolic resin Formula (CeHeO (CH20)x)x Properties Gray to bik., hard, infusible solid when cured resist, to moisture, soivs., heat to 200 C dimensionally stable good elec, resist. noncombustible... 

It is traditional to divide phenolics into two main categories. These are novolacs and resoles. This system of classification is consistent with the division of applications as well as the compositions and conditions of resin manufacture. Novolacs are used primarily in the molding industries and electronics applications. Resoles are used primarily as binders for other materials. 

Free phenol is a major concern in the manufacture of novolac resins. This is true for several reasons. The strongest drivers are probably EPA classification of phenol as a Hazardous Air Pollutant and worker safety concerns. However, free phenol also has significant technical effects on such parameters as melt flow characteristics. In this role, free phenol may undermine the desired effects of a molecular weight design by increasing flow beyond the desired point. Since free phenol is often variable, the effects on flow may also cause variation in product performance from batch to batch. Fig. 18 shows the effects of free phenol on the flow across a series of molecular weights. Free phenol contents between 1 and 10% are commonly seen. In recent years, much work has been aimed at reducing the free phenol. 

In a first classification, we can distinguish (i) boards made with an external synthetic binder, such as urea-formaldehyde or phenol-formaldehyde resins for thermosets, and (ii) boards with internal natural binders. The products cited below do not constitute an exhaustive list. 

Miscellaneous Resins. Under this classification the aniline-formaldehyde class excludes modifications with phenolics. The polyamide class excludes modifications of phthalic alkyds by adipic acid. 

The polymer concretes are distinguished by the nature of the binder e.g., furan, polyester, epoxy, phenol formaldehyde, carbamide, and so on. The classification of the main types of polymer concrete according to the kind of synthetic resins involved is shown in Figure 1.2 [7],... 

Specifically in phenol-formaldehyde resins [100]. Polymers have been separated using pyrolysis-GC. This approach, which yields an identifiable pyro-gram suitable of being further characterised by mass spectrometry, has been successful in the separation of acrylic plastics [101], phenol-formaldehyde polycondensate [102], vulcanised elastomers [103], silane coupling agents [104], polyquinones [105], polyester, polyamide and polyethylene fibres [106], styrene-butadiene rubbers [107] and in the classification of PVC tape [108]. 

Epoxy resins are a versatile group of materials widely used in composite applications. Epoxy is the general classification for resins containing two carbon and one oxygen atom bonded in a ring. Such resins may be derived from many different starting materials such as phenol, bisphenol and multi-functional phenolic. 

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