Phenol ozonation

Howell, R. K. Phenols, ozone, and their involvement in pigmentation and physiology of plant injury, pp. 94-105. In M. Dugger. Ed. Air Pollution Effects on Plant Growth. ACS Symposium Series 3. Washington. D.C. American Chemical Society, 1974. 

Phenols, Ozone, and Their Involvement in Pigmentation and Physiology of Plant Injury... 

Beltran FJ, Gomez-Serrano V, Duran A. Degradation kinetics of p-nitro-phenol ozonation in water. Water Res 1992 26 9-17. 

The chemistry of ozone is different from chlorine since ozone is a powerful oxidant. For example, hydroxylation is the characteristic reaction with phenol. Ozone is of course free of any complications from formation of chlorinated derivatives. It decomposes quite rapidly in water, the kinetics of the reaction (10) being pH dependent... 

Gurol and co-workers [77] found that the relative rates of pyrocatechol/ phenol and resoreinol/phenol ozonation in water medium are 220 and 70, respectively. Provided that the rate constant of phenol ozonation is known [75],... 

Phenols. The first stable ozone oxidation product of phenol in water is ds ds-raucomc acid, which requires - 2 mol O /mol phenol. In practice, larger dosage levels of ozone are required because other ozone-reactive substances are present in most wastes. Ozone oxidation of phenoHc effluents is employed in paper mills, coke mills, oil refineries, and thermoplastic resin manufacture, producing effluents that are safe to freshwater biota (122,123) (see Lignin Pulp). 

Other Hydroperoxides. Several hydrotrioxides including alkyl hydrotrioxides, R—OOOH, have been reported (63,64). There is strong spectroscopic evidence that a-cumyl hydrotrioxide [82951-48-2] is produced in the low temperature ozonization of cumene. Homolytic decomposition of a-cumyl hydrotrioxide in cumene/acetone-hindered phenol resulted in cumyl alcohol as the only organic product (65). Based on the... 

Ozone can be used to completely oxidize low concentrations of organics in aqueous streams or partially degrade compounds that are refractory or difficult to treat by other methods. Compounds that can be treated with ozone include alkanes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, phenols, benzene and its derivatives, and cyanide. Ozone readHy oxidizes cyanide to cyanate, however, further oxidation of the cyanate by ozone proceeds rather slowly and may require other oxidation treatment like alkaline chlorination to complete the degradation process. 

Oxidation of phenols with chlorine dioxide or chlorine produces chlorinated aromatic intermediates before ring rupture. Oxidation of phenols with either chlorine dioxide or ozone produces oxidized aromatic compounds as intermediates which undergo ring rupture upon treatment with more oxidant and/or longer reaction times. In many cases, the same nonchlorinated, ringruptured aliphatic products are produced using ozone or chlorine dioxide. 

Nickel peroxide is a solid, insoluble oxidant prepared by reaction of nickel (II) salts with hypochlorite or ozone in aqueous alkaline solution. This reagent when used in nonpolar medium is similar to, but more reactive than, activated manganese dioxide in selectively oxidizing allylic or acetylenic alcohols. It also reacts rapidly with amines, phenols, hydrazones and sulfides so that selective oxidation of allylic alcohols in the presence of these functionalities may not be possible. In basic media the oxidizing power of nickel peroxide is increased and saturated primary alcohols can be oxidized directly to carboxylic acids. In the presence of ammonia at —20°, primary allylic alcohols give amides while at elevated temperatures nitriles are formed. At elevated temperatures efficient cleavage of a-glycols, a-ketols... 

Atmospheres polluted by oxidising agents, e.g. ozone, chlorine, peroxide, etc. whose great destructive power is in direct proportion to the temperature, are also encountered. Sulphuric acid, formed by sulphur dioxide pollution, will accelerate the breakdown of paint, particularly oil-based films. Paint media resistant both to acids, depending on concentration and temperature, and oxidation include those containing bitumen, acrylic resins, chlorinated or cyclised rubber, epoxy and polyurethane/coal tar combinations, phenolic resins and p.v.c. 

TS-1 is a material that perfectly fits the definition of single-site catalyst discussed in the previous Section. It is an active and selective catalyst in a number of low-temperature oxidation reactions with aqueous H2O2 as the oxidant. Such reactions include phenol hydroxylation [9,17], olefin epoxida-tion [9,10,14,17,40], alkane oxidation [11,17,20], oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine [14,17,18], cyclohexanone ammoximation [8,17,18,41], conversion of secondary amines to dialkylhydroxylamines [8,17], and conversion of secondary alcohols to ketones [9,17], (see Fig. 1). Few oxidation reactions with ozone and oxygen as oxidants have been investigated. 

Weavers LK, Malmstadt N, Hoffmann MR (2000) Kinetics and mechanism of pentachloro-phenol degradation by sonication, ozonation and sonolytic ozonation. Environ Sci Tech 34 1280-1285... 

Chand R, Ince NH, Gogate PR, Bremner DH (2009) Phenol degradation using 20, 300 and 520 kHz ultrasonic reactors with hydrogen peroxide, ozone and zero valent metals. Sep Purif Technol 67 103-109... 

Atmospheric ozone has also been reported as causing fading of certain dyes in some countries [425,426] diallyl phthalate (10.182) used as a carrier in the dyeing of cellulose triacetate fibres, is said to be an effective ozone inhibitor [427]. Nylon, especially when dyed with certain amino-substituted anthraquinone blue acid dyes, can also be susceptible to ozone fading [428,429]. Selection of ozone-resistant dyes is obviously the best counteractive measure, although hindered phenols (10.161) and hindered amines (10.162) are said to provide some protection. 

The dissociation energy of the O—H bond of H03 is 350.4 kJ mol-1 [112]. It can be anticipated that, like peroxyl radicals, ozone reacts with inhibitors (phenols) by the reaction [113] ... 

Kinetic Parameters of Phenols and Amines Reactions with Hydroperoxides, Dioxygen, Ozone, and Nitrogen Dioxide in IPM Model [4,110-114]... 

Phenolic dispersions, production of, 18 768-769 Phenolic effluents, ozone oxidation of,... 

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