Phenol-nitrogenous compound-carbohydrate

Nitrogenous compound-Aldehyde-Carbohydrate (NAC) Phenol-Nitrogenous compound- 99,104-113... 

This section includes oxidations of alkanes and cycloalkanes, alkenes and cycloalkenes, dienes, alkynes, aromatic fluorocarbons, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones and carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, nitrogen compounds, and organoelement compounds, such as boron, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and iodine compounds, and steroids. 

Figure 1 illustrates the fact that resins and adhesives formed by the possible combinations of a phenolic compound, a nitrogenous compound, an aldehyde compound, and a carbohydrate have been reported in the literature. The exact conditions used to formulate the resins and adhesives represented in Figure 1 vary considerably. For example, additional circles representing acidic, basic, and neutral reaction conditions could be added. In most instances, the exact chemistry that occurs during the formulation of resins at each intersection is not known. Indeed, in many cases, the component actually reacting into the resin or adhesive system may not be the original carbohydrate added at the start. In this and other respects, these formulations will overlap with those discussed in the next section. 

Table III lists a number of selected references that describe the formulation of resins or adhesives at each intersection in Figure 1. PF, UF, UF modified with phenolics, and PF modified with nitrogenous compounds (e.g., urea) have not been included, because they do not contain carbohydrates and because they are in common use. The resin and adhesive systems that have been investigated most recently are those formed by the combination of carbohydrates with PF, both with and without the addition of a nitrogenous compound. Our attempts at the Forest Products Laboratory to use carbohydrate modified PF to bond wood are discussed in Chapter 25.

Figure 1. Resins can be classified as being formed from combinations of a phenolic compound (P typically phenol), an aldehyde (A typically formaldehyde), a nitrogenous compound (N typically urea), and a carbohydrate (C).

Native and microcrystalline cellulose precoated plates are used in the life sciences for the separation of polar compounds (e.g. carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, amino acids, nucleic acid derivatives, phosphates, etc) [85]. These layers are unsuitable for the separation of compounds of low water solubility unless first modified, for example, by acetylation. Several chemically bonded layers have been described for the separation of enantiomers (section 10.5.3). Polyamide and polymeric ion-exchange resins are available in a low performance grade only for the preparation of laboratory-made layers [82]. Polyamide layers are useful for the reversed-phase separation and qualitative analysis of phenols, amino acid derivatives, heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, and carboxylic and sulfonic acids. Ion-exchange layers prepared from poly(ethyleneimine), functionalized poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) and diethylaminoethyl cellulose resins and powders and are used primarily for the separation of inorganic ions and biopolymers. 

Smoking is a slow process and it is not easy to control the process. Smoke contains phenolic compounds, adds, and carbonyls and smoke flavor is primarily due to the volatile phenolic compound [10,20,34]. Wood smoke is extranely complex and more than 400 volatiles have been identified [43]. Guillen and Manzanos [26] identified around 140 compounds in liquid smoke prepared from Thymus vulgaris wood. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ubiquitous in the environment as pyrolysis products of organic matter. Their concentrations in smoked food can reach levels hazardous for human health, especially when the smoking procedure is carried out under uncontrolled conditions [46]. Wood smoke contains nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, furans, carbonylic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, tar compounds, carbohydrates. 

The seeds represent 0-6% of the weight of the berry. They contain carbohydrates (35% on average), nitrogen compounds (around 6%) and minerals (4%). An oil can be extracted from the seeds (15-20% of the total weight) which is essentially oleic and linoleic acid. The seeds are an important sonrce of phenolic compounds during red winemaking. Depending on the varieties, they contain between 20 and 55% of the total polyphenols of the berry. 

Molasses. A large number of volatile and nonvolatile compounds have been identified in the flavor fractions of various types of molasses (51-621. Compound classes identified include aliphatic and aromatic acids, aldehydes, phenols, lactones, amines, esters, furans, pyrazines, and sulfides. Most of these compounds can arise from carbohydrate degradation through a number of traditional pathways especially because residual nitrogen-containing sources are present. 

Gibbons, J. P. Wondolowski, L. Carbohydrate-Phenol Based Condensation Resins Incorporating Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Canadian Patent 1 090 026, 1980. 

The numerous theories advanced on the origin and structure of complex organic nitrogen components of soils fall into two classes (1) complexes formed by reactions of phenol compounds with proteins, amino acids, and ammonia and (2) complexes formed by reactions of carbohydrates with... 

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