Phase macromolecular

This approximation has already proven very effective in the calculation of likelihood functions for maximum likelihood refinement of parameters of the heavy-atom model, when phasing macromolecular structure factor amplitudes with the computer program SHARP [53]. A similar approach was also used in computing the variances to be used in evaluation of a %2 criterion in [54]. 

Foloppe N, MacKerell AD (2000) All-atom empirical force field for nucleic acids I. Parameter optimization based on small molecule and condensed phase macromolecular target data. J Comput Chem 21 (2) 86-104... 

One-phase macromolecular gels, representing solid solutions of solvent and macromolecular substance. 

Proteias, amino acids bonded through peptide linkages to form macromolecular biopolymers, used as chiral stationary phases for hplc iaclude bovine and human semm albumin, a -acid glycoproteia, ovomucoid, avidin, and ceUobiohydrolase. The bovine semm albumin column is marketed under the name Resolvosil and can be obtained from Phenomenex. The human semm albumin column can be obtained from Alltech Associates, Advanced Separation Technologies, Inc., and J. T. Baker. The a -acid glycoproteia and ceUobiohydrolase can be obtained from Advanced Separation Technologies, Inc. or J. T. Baker, Inc. 

For many years, it was thought that the macro solute forms a new phase near the membrane—that of a gel or gel-like layer. The model provided good correlations of experimental data and has been widely used. It does not fit known experimental facts. An explanation that fits the known data well is based on osmotic pressure. The van t Hoff equation [Eq. (22-75)] is hopelessly inadequate to predict the osmotic pressure of a macromolecular solution. Using the empirical expression... 

By covalently attaching reactive groups to a polyelectrolyte main chain the uncertainty as to the location of the associated reactive groups can be eliminated. The location at which the reactive groups experience the macromolecular environment critically controls the reaction rate. If a reactive group is covalently bonded to a macromolecular surface, its reactivity would be markedly influenced by interfacial effects at the boundary between the polymer skeleton and the water phase. Those effects may vary with such factors as local electrostatic potential, local polarity, local hydrophobicity, and local viscosity. The values of these local parameters should be different from those in the bulk phase. 

The consideration made above allows us to predict good chromatographic properties of the bonded phases composed of the adsorbed macromolecules. On the one hand, steric repulsion of the macromolecular solute by the loops and tails of the modifying polymer ensures the suppressed nonspecific adsorptivity of a carrier. On the other hand, the extended structure of the bonded phase may improve the adaptivity of the grafted functions and facilitate thereby the complex formation between the adsorbent and solute. The examples listed below illustrate the applicability of the composite sorbents to the different modes of liquid chromatography of biopolymers. 

Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 286, No. 10, 25th Oct.2001, p.640-7 POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) RECYCLING AND RECOVERY OF PURE TEREPHTHALIC ACID. KINETICS OF A PHASE TRANSFER CATALYZED ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS... 

Two macromolecular computational problems are considered (i) the atomistic modeling of bulk condensed polymer phases and their inherent non-vectorizability, and (ii) the determination of the partition coefficient of polymer chains between bulk solution and cylindrical pores. In connection with the atomistic modeling problem, an algorithm is introduced and discussed (Modified Superbox Algorithm) for the efficient determination of significantly interacting atom pairs in systems with spatially periodic boundaries of the shape of a general parallelepiped (triclinic systems). 

The structure of these gel-like systems of micelles is very different from that of conventional electrophoresis media made from chemically and physically cross-linked polymers of polyacrylamide and agarose [75], The absence of chemical or physical cross-links in the Pluronic gel-like phases may allow a larger degree of freedom for macromolecular transport around the obstacles that make up the medium than occurs in conventional electrophoresis media. 

The macromolecular metal complexes or ion-pair — — ML° might be hybrid phase catalysts, e.g. R425 ... 

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