Phase contrast angiography

Dumoulin CL, Souza SP, Walker MF, Wagle W (1989) Three-dimensional phase contrast angiography. Magn Reson Med 9 139-149... 

Liu Y, Karonen JO, Vanninen RL et al. (2004) Acute ischemic stroke predictive value of 2D phase-contrast MR angiography-serial study with combined diffusion and perfusion MR imaging. Radiology 231 517-527 Lucas C, Leclerc X, Pruvo JP et al. (2000) [Vertebral artery dissections follow-up with magnetic resonance angiography and injection of gadolinium]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 156 1096-1105... 

Mascalchi M, Quilici N, Ferrito G et al (1997) Identification of the feeding arteries of spinal vascular lesions via phase-contrast MR angiography with three-dimensional acquisition and phase display. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18 351-358... 

Fig. 17.1a,b. Contrast-enhanced spinal MR angiography, sagittal views, a First phase the segmental arteries are visible (arrowhead), note the bright enhancement of the aorta, b Second phase the accompanying veins arise (arrow)... 

The appropriate examination technique is critical for sensitive detection and specific characterization of focal liver lesions. A biphasic examination of the liver with a late-arterial and a portal venous phase can be regarded as standard today. For specific indications, like the follow-up of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) or for the depiction of the arterial vessels prior to angiography, an early arterial phase scan, which can be post-processed into CT angiography, is helpful (Fig. 3.2). The value of delayed scans (e.g. 5 min after contrast agent injection) is controversial in the literature mainly centers with a focus on imaging in liver cirrhosis consider the use of late phase images as necessary, whereas other authors see no added value for it [21,45]. 

Performance of an acquisition during the portal phase of enhancement of a CT enables evaluation of portal and variceal anatomy and of portosystemic shunts without the need for an additional injection of contrast material. Three-dimensional reconstruction of portal-phase CT angiograms enhances the perception of the courses and anatomic relationships of varices and shunts, and the presence and extension of portal thrombosis (Henseler et al. 2001). SSD can be very useful for displaying variceal anatomy during the portal phase. Also, 3D-MR angiography can detect the presence and the extension of collateral vessel pathways. Patients with portal hypertension benefit from the use of MR angiog-... 

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