Phase change materials classification

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a common technique for the classification of individual phase transitions in liquid-crystalline materials and has been applied for the phase characterization of alkyl-modified chromatographic surfaces. Hansen and Callis [187] applied DSC to investigate phase changes in Cig and C22... 

Another classification of detector is the bulk-property detector, one that measures a change in some overall property of the system of mobile phase plus sample. The most commonly used bulk-property detector is the refractive-index (RI) detector. The RI detector, the closest thing to a universal detector in lc, monitors the difference between the refractive index of the effluent from the column and pure solvent. These detectors are not very good for detection of materials at low concentrations. Moreover, they are sensitive to fluctuations in temperature. 

The Scott-van Konynenberg classification of binary mixtures helps us organize observed behavior. For example, when we examine an oil reservoir, we know that the number of phases observed will depend on the substances present, as well as on the temperature, pressure, and composition. As material is removed from the reservoir, the state changes, causing the phase behavior to change. Such changes may be, at least qualitatively, anticipated and understandable in terms of the classification of binaries, even though reservoir fluids are not binary mixtures. 

The introduction of chemical cross-links into an uncross-linked polymer converts it from a viscoelastic liquid to a viscoelastic solid in the sense of the definitions of Chapter 1 and the classification of Chapter 2 the viscosity becomes infinite and the material acquires an equilibrium modulus and compliance, so the properties in the plateau and terminal zones change profoundly. However, the properties in the transition zone may change very little. The effects of cross-linking are discussed in this chapter, as well as the effects in the plateau and terminal zones of incorporating fillers (finely divided particles, usually of high modulus) or other combinations of more than one phase. 

LCA is a useful, effective, and widely applied technique that can be used to quantify the environmental impact of a product or service by taking into consideration aU the inputs and outputs of a system, starting from the raw material supply to the final disposal of the product/service. LCA considers the consumption of resources, the relevant emission and impact of each stage of the life cycle, and estimates the impact in various phases of the life cycle. According to the purpose of the study, the LCA can be carried out using different methods. A usual classification of LCA studies is that of attributional and consequential LCAs. The former describes the environmentally relevant flows to and from a life cycle and its subsystems, while the latter describes how environmentally relevant flows will change in response to... 

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