Pharmacy, described

Those women in institutions or working for medical practitioners were particularly disadvantaged financially, as they were competing with the lowly paid ranks of the male dispensers who held the Assistants Certificate of the Society of Apothecaries.37 Women who attempted to practise in the retail trade found that they were not always welcome, as Emily Forster (see Chap. 3), Lecturer at the Westminster College of Pharmacy, described in 1916 ... 

Carl Friedrich Mohr (Coblenz, 4 November 1806-Bonn, 28 September 1879), at first an apothecary in Coblenz then associate professor of pharmacy in Bonn, published many papers and a book on pharmacy, describing new apparatus. Mohr was one of the pioneers of volumetric analysis. He also wrote on the mechanical theory of heat and chemical afimity. He sa rs in (i) heat is no longer a substance, but is rather an oscillatory motion of the smallest parts (rather like Davy s theory) he used (like Mayer in 1842) the name E aft for energy, and said heat is a form of it. He pointed out the relation of the difference of the specific heats of air at constant volume and pressure to this nature of heat, but did not (as Mayer did) calculate the mechanical Equivalent of heat from it. He is an obscure writer and his later claims to have anticipated Clausius are unfounded, but he anticipated some of Mayer s ideas. He acted... 

Resorcinol Derivatives. Aminophenols (qv) are important intermediates for the syntheses of dyes or active molecules for agrochemistry and pharmacy. Syntheses have been described involving resorcinol reacting with amines (91). For these reactions, a number of catalysts have been used / -toluene sulfonic acid (92), zinc chloride (93), zeoHtes and clays (94), and oxides supported on siUca (95). In particular, catalysts performing the condensation of ammonia with resorcinol have been described gadolinium oxide on siUca (96), nickel, or zinc phosphates (97), and iron phosphate (98). 

The development of a single enantiomer as a new active substance should be described in the same manner as for any other new chemical entity. Studies should be carried out with the single enantiomer, but if development began with the race-mate then these studies may also be taken into account. Chiral conversion should be considered early on so that enantiospecific bioanalytical methods may be developed. These methods should be described in chemistry and pharmacy part of the dossier. If the opposite enantiomer is formed in vivo, then it should be evaluated in the same way as other metabolites. For endogenous human chiral compounds, enantiospecific analysis may not be necessary. The enantiomeric purity of the active ingredient used in preclinical and clinical studies should be stated. 

Drug-related problems can be defined as Any undesirable event experienced by the patient that involves or is suspected to involve drug therapy and that actually or potentially interferes with a desired patient outcome (Strand et al. 1990). This is a vital component of Pharmaceutical Care and Clinical Pharmacy and will be described more in detail in another chapter. It should however be noted that there are several definitions and classification systems for DRPs. A literature review (van Mil et al. 2004) identified fourteen classifications and their critical elements. In the presented definition a potential problem is a DRP but this is not the case in all definitions and classifications. This is also the case for unavoidable adverse drug reactions (e.g. with cytotoxic agents). 

Salicylic acid is manufactured on a large scale. In the dye industry it serves for the production of valuable azo-dyes which exhibit great fastness. To some extent these dyes are applied to mordanted fibres. In addition, the acid and its derivatives are widely used in pharmacy. Being a phenolcarboxylic acid it has a powerful disinfecting action (preservative). It has further proved itself an important antirheumatic and an analgetic. The derivative in which the phenolic hydroxyl group is acetylated (aspirin) has become especially popular. The first medicament of the series was the phenyl ester of salicylic acid, salol, which is produced as a by-product in the technical process. The preparation of salicylaldehyde has been described above (p. 235). 

In 1814 Jean-Jacques Colin and Henri-Frangois Gaultier de Claubry, professor of toxicology at the School of Pharmacy in Paris, described the blue substance produced when free iodine acts on starch, and studied the effects of temperature and of sulfurous acid, hydrogen sulfide, and other reagents on this reaction (131). In the same year Friedrich Stromeyer first applied this starch reaction to analytical chemistry and was able to detect as little as one part of iodine in 350,000 to 450,000 parts... 

The results of the extraction experiments described in this contribution were collected in the laboratories of Pharma Bio-Research International B.V. (PBR), Zuidlaren, The Netherlands (J.Wieling, J.H.G. Jonkman, C.K. Mensink, J. Hempenius), in cooperation with the Chemometrics Research Group of the University Centre for Pharmacy (UCF), Groningen, The Netherlands (D.A. Doombos, P.M.J. Coenegracht). The co-operation was funded by the Dutch Technology Foimdation (STW). 

Triclavulone 3, recently isolated from Ciavularia vulgaris, is one of the most complex of the family of about forty structurally-related fatty acid-derived marine prostanoids described from this species. Hisanaka Ito and Kazuo Iguchi of the Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science recently reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004,126,4520) the total synthesis of 3, starting with the preparation of the enantiomerically-enriched bicyclic ketone 1. 

MACERATE. (I) To soften or break up a fibrous substance by long soaking in water ul 01 near room temperature, often accompanied by mechanical actum, as in the preparation of paper slock in the beater. (2 in the plastics industry, to comminute a fabric so that it can be used as a filler in a plastics composition. (3) The term is also used in pharmacy to describe a method of preparing medicinal compositions. 

We are grateful to Prof. A. Douglas Kinghom of College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago for helpful comments. The works described in the author s laboratory were supported in part by the Korean Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF). 

---