Pharmacodynamics of intravenous

Lehtonen LA, Antila S, Pentikainen PJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous inotropic agents. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004 43 187-203. 

Olkkola KT, Ahonen J, Neuvonen PJ. The effect of systemic antimycotics, itraconazole and fluconazole, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and oral midazolam. Anesth Analg 1996 82 511-516. 

MacGiichrist AJ, Bimie GG, Cook A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous midazolam in patients with severe alcoholic cirrhosis. Gut 1986 27 190-195. 

Sanders, W. Buchi, K.N. Moore, J.G. Bishop, A.L. Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ranitidine after bolus and continuous infusion in patients with healed duodenal ulcers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1989, 46 (5), 545-551. 

Forrest A, Nix DE, Ballow CH, et al. Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993 37 1073-1081. 

Differentiate the pharmacodynamics of intravenous injection of regular insulin and insulin lispro or insulin aspart. 

PalkamaVJ, IsohanniMH, NeuvonenPJ, OlkkolaKT. The effect of inttavenous and al fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous alfentanil. Anesth Analg ( 99S) 87, 190-4. 

Saari TI, Gronlund J, Hagelberg NM, Neuvonen M, Laine K, Neuvonen PJ, Olkkola KT. Effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenously and orally administered oxycodone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010 66 387-97. 

Alnylam Pharmaceuticals (2010b) Dose escalation trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous ALN-VSP02 in patients with advanced solid tumors with liver involvement. Available at http //www.clinicaltrial.gov/ ct2/show/NCT00882180. Last accessed 25 July 2011. US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda... 

Another concern is the coinfusion of intravenous medications with PN admixtures. Many intravenous medications have limited compatibility with 3-in-l formulations but may be coinfused with a 2-and-l formulation.23,24 Some medications can be coinfused at the Y-site, few medications can be mixed directly into the PN solution or coinfused with intravenous lipid emulsion, and some cannot be mixed or coinfused with the PN admixture.23,24 Always consult compatibility data before adding a medication to a PN admixture or coinfusing with PN. Medications that are compatible should be added to PN only if it is reasonable and safe (i.e., based on toxicity profile, pharma-cokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations). 

Dershwitz M, Walsh JL, Morishige RJ, Connors PM, Rubsamen RM, Shafer SL, Rosow CE (2000) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled versus intravenous morphine in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 93 619-628. 

Henningfield JE, Miyasato K, Jasinski DR (1985) Abuse hability and pharmacodynamic characteristics of intravenous and inhaled nicotine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 234 1-12... 

Perez-Reyes et al.8 estimated that only 32% of a dose of cocaine base placed in a pipe is actually inhaled by the smoker. Cone9 compared the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cocaine by the intravenous, intranasal, and smoked routes of administration in the same subjects. Venous plasma cocaine concentrations peaked within 5 min by the intravenous and smoked routes. Estimated peak cocaine concentrations ranged from 98 to 349 ng/ml and 154 to 345 ng/ml after intravenous administration of 25-mg cocaine hydrochloride and 42-mg cocaine base by the smoked route, respectively. After dosing by the intranasal route (32 mg cocaine hydrochloride) estimated peak plasma cocaine concentrations ranged from 40 to 88 ng/ml after 0.39 to 0.85 h.9 In this study, the average bioavailability of cocaine was 70.1% by the smoked route and 93.7% by the intranasal route. Jenkins et al.10 described the correlation between pharmacological effects and plasma cocaine concentrations in seven volunteers after they had smoked 10 to 40 mg cocaine. The mean plasma... 

Gyr, E., R. Brenneisen, D. Bourquin, T. Lehmann, et al., Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of intravenously, orally and rectally administered diacetylmoiphine in opioid dependents, a two-patient pilot study within a heroin-assisted treatment program, Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 38(10), 486—491, 2000. 

FIGURE 51.1. PBPK-PD model schematic of sarin in Hartley guinea pig. This model structure allows for the simulation of experimental studies with dosing hy intravenous or subcutaneous dosing, and inhalation exposure. This model design was after Gearhart et al. (1990) and was adapted to simulate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sarin in the guinea pig. 

Dingemanse J, Clozel M, van Giersbergen PL. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tezosentan, an intravenous dual endothehn receptor antagonist, following chronic infusion in healthy snbjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002 53(4) 355-62. 

Zifrosilone (18) is a novel tight-binding inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, which is in development as a potential therapeutic compound in the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer s disease [72]. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the compound were studied in the dogs and rats after single intravenous and subcutaneous administrations. When evaluated in human healthy volunteers, the orally administered drug was well tolerated but displayed a strong dose-related inhibition of red blood cell acetylcholinesterase [73] and its development was consequently halted. 

Yu LJ, Bulychev A, O Brien L, et al. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Selective Proteasome Inhibitor MLN9708 in Nonclinical Species Following either Intravenous or Oral Administration. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2009 50. 

Seddon et al. [25] examined the pharmacodynamics of a tissue hypoxia probe (SR-4554) in a phase 1 dose escalation study. Three patients, with tumors of at least 3 cm diameter within 4 cm depth from the skin surface, underwent unlocalized in vivo 19F MR spectroscopy at 1.5 T to determine whether SR-4554 could be detected. Fluorine signal was detected in all patients immediately after the intravenous infusion, in the highest two doses within 8h (-2.5 times the mean plasma half-life), and no signal was detected even at the highest dose at 27.5h (-9.5 plasma half-lives). The tumor concentration of SR-4554 in the tumor was of the same order as the plasma concentration hence it is unclear whether the fluorine signal represented tumor blood flow or uptake by the tumor [25],... 

Kramer WG, Smith WB, Ferguson J, et al. Pharmacodynamics of torsemide administered as an intravenous injection and as a continuous infusion to patients with congestive heart failure. J Clin Pharmacol 1996 36 265-270. 

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