Pharmacia

Cytodex 1 Pharmacia, Sweden 147-248 dextran, high positive charge... 

Cytodex 2 Pharmacia, Sweden 135-200 dextran, positive charge... 

Cytodex 3 Pharmacia, Sweden 141-211 coUagen-coated dextran... 

Superoxide dismutase has been approved by the FDA for preventing reperfusion injury or damage to donor organ tissue (178). This enzyme is prepared by recombinant DNA technology and marketed by Bristol-Myers and Pharmacia-Chiron. 

Note This is a pure agricultural chemical and seed business. Monsanto s chemical businesses spun off to Solutia. In the second half of 2002, Pharmacia will spin off Monsanto. 

Pfizer Specialty Chemical Group, 243 Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), 272 Pharmacia Coi"poration, 243 Phelps Dodge Coi"poration, 243... 

Size exclusion was first noted in the late fifties when separations of proteins on columns packed with swollen maize starch were observed (Lindqvist and Storgards, 1955 Lathe and Ruthven, 1956). The run time was typically 48 hr. With the advent of a commercial material for size separation of molecules, a gel of cross-linked dextran, researchers were given a purposely made material for size exclusion, or gel filtration, of solutes as described in the classical work by Porath and Flodin (1959). The material, named Sephadex, was made available commercially by Pharmacia in 1959. This promoted a rapid development of the technique and it was soon applied to the separation of proteins and aqueous polymers. The work by Porath and Flodin promoted Moore (1964) to apply the technique to size separation, gel permeation chromatography of organic molecules on gels of lightly cross-linked polystyrene (i.e., Styragel). 

Numerous application examples are related to gel filtration (e.g., see Hagel, 1989 Hagel and Janson, 1992 Pharmacia, 1991). A selected number of applications are discussed with respect to their goals and to types of methods and SEC media attributes, which impact the selection and or construction of a suitable SEC column. Specific examples of these various applications types are given later under Sections II,C and III. The optimization of running conditions to achieve the desired results are discussed in Section VI. 

FIGURE 2.1 SEC analysis of a polymeric dextran sample (Mw = 1000) on Superdex peptide HR 10/50. The very high resolution between individual components of the sample is obtained by using two columns in series. Courtesy of T. Andersson. (Reproduced with permission from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech.)... 

FIGURE 2.3 Selectivity curves of various modem SEC media. (I) Superdex peptide, (2) Superdex 7S, (3) Superdex 200, (4) Superose 12. (S) Superose 6, (6) Sephacryl S-lOO HR. (7) Sephacryl S-200 HR, (8) Sephacryl S-300 HR, and (9) Sephacryl S-400 HR. (Reproduced with permission of Amersham Pharmacia Biotech.)... 

FIGURE 2.9 Industrial fractionation by SEC using Sephacryl S-lOO in three BPSS columns (L = 30 cm, i.d. = 140 cm) to give a total bed volume of 1500 liters. Courtesy of R. Hersberg. (Reproduced by permission of Amersham Pharmacia Biotech.)... 

Four column systems are available from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech that can be used to pack SEC media for various applications at the laboratory scale. These include C, XK, SR, and HR column systems. All of the laboratory-scale columns are constructed with borosilicate glass tubes. Columns for larger scale process applications include INdEX, BPG, EineLINE, BPSS, and Stack columns. The larger scale columns are constructed to meet stringent validation requirements for the production of biopharmaceuticals. Each of the column types are described. 

---