Pharmaceutical Research drugs

Gittins, J. Quantitative methods in the planning of pharmaceutical research. Drug Inform J 1996 30 459-87. 

Ginai M, Elsby R, Hewitt CJ et al (2013) The use of bioreactors as in vitro models in pharmaceutical research. Drug Discov Today 18(19-20) 9 22-935, pii S1359-6446(13)00162-l... 

There are examples in the literature for the application of LC/MS/NMR in namral products/ drug metabolism, combinatorial chemistry,pharmaceutical research,drug discovery,degradation products, and food analysis. LC/NMR/MS (or LC/MS/NMR as described in this entry) has also been integrated with SPE... 

Molecular mechanics calculations have proved to be enormously useful in pharmaceutical research, where the complementary fit between a drug molecule and a receptor molecule in the body is often a key to designing new pharmaceutical agents (Figure 4.18). 

Within the pharmaceutical industry we have progressed from the point where computers in the laboratory were rarely present or used beyond spreadsheet calculations. Now computers are ubiquitous in pharmaceutical research and development laboratories, and nearly everyone has at least one used in some way to aid in his or her role. It should come as no surprise that the development of hardware and software over the last 30 years has expanded the scope of computer use to virtually all stages of pharmaceutical research and development (data analysis, data capture, monitoring and decision making). Although there are many excellent books published that are focused on in-depth discussions of computer-aided drug design, bioinformatics, or other related individual topics, none has addressed this broader utilization of... 

A guideline for evaluation of the photostability of new drug substances and dosage forms was published in 1997 [39]. Subsequently, a joint study was undertaken by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America to evaluate the ICF1 guideline. A draft chapter for the United States Pharmacopeia, based on the guideline and the joint study, has been published in Pharmacopeial Forum [40]. 

Drug News Perspectives. Drug News Perspectives [91] is a drug newsmagazine for scientists and managers in pharmaceutical research and development. Sections include research and... 

Regulatory and legal aspects of drug development, 27. Industry Profile, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Washington, DC, 2000, pp. 22-47. 

An infrequently used method (in pharmaceutical research) for determining the UWL permeability involves measuring transport of molecules across a high-porosity microfilter that is not coated by a lipid. The molecules are able to diffuse freely in the water channels of the microfilter. The filter barrier prevents convective mixing between the donor and acceptor sides, and an UWL forms on each sides of the microfilter. Camenisch et al. [546] measured the effective permeabilities of a series of drug molecules in 96-well microtiter plate-filterplate (Millipore GVHP mixed cellulose ester, 0.22 pm pore) sandwich where the filters were not coated by a lipid. The permeabilities were nearly the same for all the molecules, as shown in Fig. 7.8a. Our analysis of their data, Fig. 7.8b, indicates / aq = 460 pm (sandwich stirred at 150 rpm). We have been able to confirm similar results in our laboratory with different microfilters, using the lipid-free method. 

Stirred tank models have been widely used in pharmaceutical research. They form the basis of the compartmental models of traditional and physiological pharmacokinetics and have also been used to describe drug bioconversion in the liver [1,2], drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract [3], and the production of recombinant proteins in continuous flow fermenters [4], In this book, a more detailed development of stirred tank models can be found in Chapter 3, in which pharmacokinetic models are discussed by Dr. James Gallo. The conceptual and mathematical simplicity of stirred tank models ensures their continued use in pharmacokinetics and in other systems of pharmaceutical interest in which spatially uniform concentrations exist or can be assumed. 

D. A. Middleton, NMR methods for characterising ligand-receptor and drug-membrane interactions in pharmaceutical research. Annu. Rep. NMR Spectrosc., 2007, 60, 39-75. 

However, from our point of view, there remains a lack of sufficiently precise and reliable methods to compute thermodynamic water solubility. The majority of methods work only for congeneric series of compounds, and many have not been developed to function in areas of pharmaceutical research using drug-like molecules. Most of the methods do not use the three-dimensional structure of the compounds, while some depend on previous knowledge of certain experimental properties of the compounds of interest. Moreover, all of the methods are dependent upon the quality of solubility values in the training set used to develop the model indeed, this latter point is a critical limitation that has a major influence on solubility estimations. 

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