Pharmaceutical particulate systems

Issues Encountered in the Size Characterization of Biological and Pharmaceutical Particulate Systems... 

L. Z. Benet, Theories of dissolution Multi-particulate systems, in Dissolution Technology (I. J. Leeson and J. T. Carstensen, eds.), Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, DC, 1974, pp. 29-57. 

Attention has recently become focused on epidermal administration of vaccines, either as polymer rods inserted subdermally or by particulate systems fired into the skin using the high pressure jets developed by companies such as PowderJect Pharmaceuticals (Oxford, UK). The epidermis contains immune cells and less vaccine may be required to achieve a response which also reduces costs. 

D. Meisner, Liposomes as a pulmonary drug delivery system, Pharmaceutical Particulate Carriers, (A. Rolland, ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993, p. 31. 

The development of liposomal systems has thus contributed greatly to the development of drag carrier systems in general and has highlighted the various pharmaceutical hurdles that must be overcome before a DOTS can reach the marketplace. In addition, liposomal development has provided fundamental knowledge on the fate of particulate systems in vivo and how this fate can be manipulated for therapeutic gain. 

Tomlinson E. Site-specific drug deliver using particulate systems. In Bunker G, Rhodes CT, eds. Modem Pharmaceutics. 40 673-693. 

There are, arguably, a greater variety of formulations administered by the parenteral route than by any other. These include emulsions, suspensions, liposomes, particulate systems and solid implants as well as the ubiquitous simple solution. What sets parenteral products apart from most other dosage forms, (with the exception of ocular products), is the absolute requirement for sterility, regardless of the formulation type. This requirement must be uppermost in the pharmaceutical scientist s mind from the first stages of formulation conception, so that the formulation and manufacturing process can be developed in tandem to produce an optimised sterile product. 

P. Decuzzi, R. Pasquahni, W. Arap, and M. Ferrari, Intravascular delivery of particulate systems Does geometry really matter , Pharmaceut. Res., 26,235-243,2009. 

The special needs of size characterization methods for the biological and pharmaceutical systems that are now so important in the medical sciences today are reviewed. Submicrometre and subcolloidal particulate systems are more frequently encountered that do not have the sharply defined interfaces familiar to the analyst of 25 years ago. Philosophically it is pointed out that many particles with indeterminate interfaces will move under the application of external forces as if they were inside a sphere of influence and it is, in fact, the dimensions of this sphere that are measured. Under these conditions it is valid to measure the particle size characteristics of particles down to the molecular dimensions, at least, of some of the larger protein molecules, and some methods will certain reach down into these size regions without excessive difficulty. 

Sharma S, Mukkur TK, Benson HA, Chen Y (2(X)9) Pharmaceutical aspects of intranasal delivery of vaccines using particulate systems. J Pharm Sci 98(3) 812-843... 

A systematic approach to the physical characterization of pharmaceutical solids has been outlined [6], and it will be filled out in significantly more depth in the chapters of the present work. Within this system, physical properties are classified as being associated with the molecular level (those associated with individual molecules), the particulate level (those pertaining to individual solid particles), or the bulk level (those associated with an assembly of particulate species). 

Dusts, Mists, Aerosols and Fumes. The P-5 Digital Dust Indicator is another sensor currently available for use as a component of the Chronotox System. Suitable for the measurement of silica, lead fumes, pharmaceutical powders as well as many other types of particulates found in manufacturing or laboratory situations, the battery-operated P-5 uses the light scattering technique to measure dusts over a range of either 0.01-100 mg/m or 0.001-10 mg/m (Figure 6). 

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