Pharmaceutical and drug analysis

The important development methods in pharmaceutical and drug analysis include classical linear ascending development, horizontal development, gradient TLC with AMD, OPLC, and two-dimensional (2D) development. These development methods will be described briefly. Other development methods, such as circular, anticircular, continuous, and rotational, will not be covered. 

Gas chromatography, HPLC, and TLC are complimentary methods with their own advantages and disadvantages for pharmaceutical and drug analysis. Regular reviews of the TLC literature " have shown that applications to pharmaceuticals and drugs are more prevalent than for any other class of compounds. 

Highlights applications in analytical, organic, medicinal, biological, pharmaceutical, and drug analysis fields... 

Chowdhury, S.E., Ed. Progress in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Volume 6 Identification and Quantification of Drugs, Metabolites and Metabolizing Enzymes by LC-MS, 2005, New York Elsevier. 

Altria, K. D. (1993). Quantitative aspects of the application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of pharmaceuticals and drug-related impurities. /. Chromatogr. 646, 245—257. 

A. Aranyi, Progress in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 4 (Identification and Determination of Impurities in Drugs), 2000,240-251. 

Eriksson, M.A.L., Gabrielsson, J. and Nilsson, L.B. (2005) Studies of drug binding to plasma proteins using a variant of equilibrium dialysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 38, 381-389. 

Rao RN, Nagaraju V. An overview of the recent trends in development of HPLC methods for determination of impurities in drugs. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 33, 335-377, 2003. 

Figure 11.5 Chromatograms of plasma samples obtained with fully automated on-line SPE-LC (a) drug-free human plasma (b) human plasma spiked with omeprazole (100 ng/ml) and phenacetin (internal standard 1000 ng/ml). Reprinted from Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 21, G. Garcia-Encina et al., Validation of an automated liquid chromatographic method for omeprazole in human plasma using on-line solid-phase extraction, pp. 371-382, copyright 1999, with permission from Elsevier Science.

H. Kern, P. Schilling and S.H. Muller, Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Pharmaceuticals and Drugs, Varian Aerograph, Walnut Creek, CA, 1968. 

Brewer E, Henion J (1998) Atmospheric Pressure Ionization LC/MS/MS Techniques for Drug Disposition Studies. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 87(4) 395—402 Kollroser M, Schober C (2002) Simultaneous analysis of flu-nitrazepam and its major metabolites in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 28 1173-1182... 

Analytical absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the elechomagnetic spectrum has been widely used in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis for quantitative purposes and, with certain limitations, for the characterisation of drugs, impurities, metabolites, and related substances. By contrast, luminescence methods, and fluorescence spectroscopy in particular, have been less widely exploited, despite the undoubted advantages of greater specificity and sensitivity commonly observed for fluorescent species. However, the wider availability of spectrofluorimeters capable of presenting corrected excitation and emission spectra, coupled with the fact that reliable fluorogenic reactions now permit non-fluorescent species to be examined fluorimetrically, has led to a renaissance of interest in fluorimetric methods in biomedical analysis. 

Martino, R. G., Filard, V., Desmoulin, F. and Malet-Martino, M. (2005) Fluorine-19 or phos-phorus-31 NMR spectroscopy a suitable analytical technique for quantitative in vitro metabolic studies of fluorinated or phosphorylated drugs. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 38(5), 871-891. 

Bhattachar, S.N., Welsey, J.A. and Seadeek, S. (2006) Evaluation of the chemiluminescent nitrogen detector for solubility determinations to support drug discovery. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 152-157. 

Pehourcq, F., Jarry, C. and Bannwarth, B. (2003) Potential of immobilized artificial membrane chromatography for lipophilicity determination of arylpropionic acid non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,... 

Deconinck et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2005 [46] Classification of drugs in absorption classes using the classification and regression trees (CART) methodology 141 CART 85% (n = 27) 2D and 3D descriptors from Dragon, HyperChem, and ACDlabs (Wfina] = 9)... 

Chu, I. and Nomeir, A.A., In vitro DMPK screening in drug discovery, role of LC-MS/ MS, identification and quantitation of drugs, metabolites and metabolizing enzymes by LC-MS, in Progress in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 6, Chowdhury, S.K. Ed., Elsevier, the Netherlands, Chapter 5, 2005. 

Guy Ebinger Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Vrije Universiteit, Brussels, Belgium... 

Chen, D, S Jiang, Y Chen and Y Hu (2004). HPLC determination of sertraline in bulk drug, tablets and capsules using hydroxypropyl- 8-cyclodextrin as mobile phase additive. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 34,239-245. 

Sandor Gorog et al, al-Acid glycoprotein column in the high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of some groups of chiral drugs. J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 8(1990)837. 

---