Peyote mescaline from

More than 55 alkaloids have been isolated from peyote. Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxy-j8-phenethylamine) is the primary psychoactive alkaloid of the peyote cactus, and by far the one that has been most studied (figure 9.6). These may be categorized into phenethylamines (including mescaline), isoquinolones, and Krebs acid conjugates. See table 9.2 for a partial list of peyote alkaloids. 

Today though, in academic literature as well as street usage, the drug is referred to as both mescaline and peyote (regardless from which cactus it is actually extracted), often with both words having the same meaning. However, in the strictest sense, mescaline refers to the hallucinogenic crystalline extract of the peyote cactus, a form that is rare. 

Mescaline the active ingredient in peyote. Prepare from gallic acid. 

Mescaline—from Lophophora ivilliamsii (Cactaceae)— peyote, mescal buttons. This plant is used as a hallucinogen by some native North Americans. 

Mescaline a hallucinogenic amine obtained from the peyote cactus has been synthesized in two steps from 3 4 5 trimethoxybenzyl bromide The first step is nucleophilic substitution by sodium cyanide The second step is a lithium aluminum hydnde reduction What is the structure of mescaline" ... 

Crude preparations of mescaline (61) from peyote were first reported by the Spanish as they learned of its use from the natives of Mexico during the Spanish invasion of that country in the sixteenth century. The colorful history (44) of mescaline has drawn attention to its use as a hallucinogen and even today it is in use among natives of North and South America. Although in connection with dmg abuse complaints, mescaline is considered dangerous, it has been reported (45) that it is not a narcotic nor is it habituating. It was also suggested that its sacramental use in the Native American Church of the United States be permitted since it appears to provoke only visual hallucination while the subject retains clear consciousness and awareness. 

Mescaline is considerably less potent than LSD equipotent amounts are 5 mg and 1 pg, respectively. Peyote is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Mescaline is mainly concentrated in the liver, spleen, and kidney. Up to 60% is excreted unchanged in the urine mescaline metabolites are devoid of any psychoactive effect. 

Mescaline A catecholamine hallucinogen, obtained from the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii). 

The natural prototype for the phenylalkylamines is mescaline (Structure 1), isolated from the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii) by Heffter in 1896 (100) and subsequently obtained synthetically by Spath in 1919 (218). Used for many centuries in the form of peyote by Indians in Mexico and the American Southwest (3), it is often referred to as one of the classic hallucinogens, along with psilocybin, psilocin, and LSD. Little structure-activity work was directed toward mescaline or its congeners until 1955, when Peretz et al. (174) reported that a-methyl mescaline (TMA) (8), which represented a hybrid of the structure... 

The peyote cactus is prepared for use by cutting the crown and drying it into buttons, which retain potency for a long time. They are then eaten or made into a tea for drinking. Purified mescaline crystals are dissolved and taken orally or injected. Doses vary considerably, ranging from 4 to more than 30 buttons. 

Due to similarities in their names, the mescal bean is often confused with mescaline (Schultes and Hofman 1980, 1992). These derive from entirely different plants whereas mescaline derives from peyote cactus, the mescal bean grows on the shrub Sophora secundiflora. The mescal bean itself has psychoactive effects, and was used since prehistoric times by Indians in the Rio Grande basin. Samples have been found dating back... 

Little is known specifically about the effects of mescaline compared to LSD. Much information about it relies upon its similarities with other monoamine hallucinogens. The majority of attention is given here to mescaline, but some brief mention of the diverse effects of other peyote alkaloids (of which little is known) is deserved. Often, their effects are very different from mescaline. Many alkaloids are present in sufficent concentrations to alter human physiology after oral consumption of peyote. Lophophorine in humans causes a "sickening feeling in the back of... 

Figure 5. An example of protoalkaloids. Mescaline is the alkaloid derived from L-tyrosine and extracted from the Peyote cactns (Lophophora williamsii) belonging to the Cactns family (Cactaceae). MescaUne has strong psychoactive and haUncinogenic properties. Peyote cactns grows in the desert areas of northern Mexico and the sonthern parts of the USA. This plant was nsed in Pre-Colnmhian America in the shamanic practice of local tribes.

Mescaline (Peyote) Street Names Cactus, half moon, Hikori, nubs, seni, tops Use Derived from peyote cactus may be used in certain religious (native American) ceremonies Actions Hallucinogen Effects Similar to those of LSD, including increased body temperature and HR, uncoordinated movements (ataxia), profound sweating, and flushing... 

Mescaline is an alkaloid isolated from the peyote cactus, species Lophophora williamsii or Anhalonium lewinii, that grows in the southwestern United States and in Mexico. Mescaline is found in buttons that grow on top of the plant. Aztec and Native American Indians used the buttons in religious rites and for treatment of snakebite, flu, and arthritis. Some street names include bad seed, blue caps, cactus buttons, devils root, mesc, moon, peyote, shaman, and tops. 

Mescaline, a powerful hallucinogen, is isolated from the peyote cactus. Methamphetamine, a powerful stimulant, is synthesized. 

The N-acetyl analogue has been found in the peyote plant, and it is also a major metabolite of mescaline in man. It is made by the gentle reaction of mescaline with acetic anhydride (a bit too much heat, and the product N-acetyl mescaline will cyclize to a dihydroisoquinoline, itself a fine white crystalline solid, mp 160-161 °C) and can be recrystallized from boiling toluene. A number of human trials with this amide at levels in the 300 to 750 milligrams range have shown it to be with very little activity. At the highest levels there have been suggestions of drowsiness. Certainly there were none of the classic mescaline psychedelic effects. 

There are other distinctions from mescaline. Unlike mescaline or Peyote, there is rarely any body discomfort during the early phase of intoxication, no nausea and only an occasional comment suggesting hyperreflexia. And, also unlike mescaline, most subjective reports on ME claim that music produces little imagery, and the exaggeration of color perception is more reserved. Appetite is normal, the tastes and textures of food are unusually rewarding. No subject has ever expressed a reluctance to repeat the experience. Sleep is easy, refreshing, and the following day seems free from residue. 

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