Petroleum treatment Refinery processes

Caustic treatment -mercury m production [MERCURY] (Vol 16) -use m dimethylacetamide purification [ACETIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES - DIMETHYLACETAMIDE] (Vol 1) -in petroleum refining [PETROLEUM - REFINERY PROCESSES, SURVEY] (Vol 18)... 

Clay treatment -in petroleum refining [PETROLEUM - REFINERY PROCESSES, SURVEY] (Vol 18)... 

Three different additives (Additive 1, 2 and 3) were used in order to see their effects on Crude oil-5. The viscosity of the crude oil is decreased considerably by treatment with the additives. Measurements of the shear stress-shear rate relationships were performed at constant temperature and experimental data were fitted to the Bingham plastic model using a linear regression program. When the amount of additive was increased from 500 ppm to 1000 ppm, the pour point of the crude oil was decreased significantly (Table 3). Denis and Durand [25] determined the low temperature properties of petroleum products that had been improved either by refinery processing or by adding wax... 

Petroleum pitch can be obtained from a wide variety of sources such as from the bottoms of catalytic crackers, steam cracking of naphtha and gas oils, and residues from various distillation and refinery processes. The crude product is given an initial refining process, which can include one, or a combination of, several treatments ... 

Currently, sulfur is mainly produced by the partial oxidation of hydrogen sulfide through the Claus process. The major sources of hydrogen sulfide are natural gas and petroleum refinery streams treatment operations. It has been estimated that 90-95% of the world s recovered sulfur is produced through the Claus process. Typical sulfur recovery ranges from 90% for a lean acid gas feed to 97% for a rich acid gas feed. ... 

Refinery gas process gas) is the noncondensable gas that is obtained during distillation of crude oil or treatment (cracking, thermal decomposition) of petroleum (Gary and Handwerk 1975 Austin, 1984 Speight, 1999 Robinson and Faulkner, 2000 Speight and Ozum, 2002). There are also components of the gaseous products that must be removed prior to release of the gases to the atmosphere or prior to use of the gas in another part of the refinery (i.e., as a fuel gas or as a process feedstock). 

The petroleum industry, one of the world s largest industries, has four major branches [1]. The production branch explores for oil and brings it to the surface in oilfields. The transportation branch sends crude oil to refineries and delivers the refined products to consumers. The refining branch processes crude oil into useful products. The marketing branch sells and distributes the petroleum products to consumers. The subject of this chapter is the treatment of liquid wastes from the production and refining branches. 

Ford, D.L. Manning, F.S. Treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. In Carbon Adsorption Handbook Cheremisinoff, P.N., Ellerbusch, F., Ed. Ann Arbor Science Ann Arbor, Ml, 1978. Patterson, J.W. Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology, 2nd Ed. Butterworth Boston, 1985. Hutton, D.G. Robertaccio, F.L. Waste water treatment process. U.S. Patent 3,904,518, September 9, 1975. 

The C-G process has been tested on the demonstration level by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Studies have also been carried out for treating petroleum refinery wastes using this technology. It has been applied on a large scale to dry municipal sewage treatment solids. 

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