Pesticidal resistance management

Canada Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Regulatory Directive (October 6, 1999). DIR 99-06. Voluntary Pesticide Resistance -Management Labeling Based on Target Site/Mode of Action. 

US Federal Register Notice (May 10, 2000 Vol. 65, No. 91, p. 30115-30117). Pesticides Draft Guidance for Pesticide Registrants on Voluntary Pesticide Resistance Management Labeling Based on Mode/Target Site of Action on the Pest. 

Figure 1. Discipline needs in pesticide resistance management...

Figure 2. Components of a pesticide resistance management (PRM) system.

Several generalizations can be made from the case histories cited above. They apply in many cases to the basic and applied research gaps discussed earlier. In other cases, it is antiquated policies that limit greater implementation of pesticide resistance management. 

Matten, S.R. 1998. EPA regulation of plant-pesticides and Bt plant-pesticide resistance management. In Hardy, R., J.B. Segelken, and M. Voionmaa (Eds.), NABC Report 10 Agricultural Biotechnology and Environmental Quality. National Agricultural Biotechnology Council, Ithaca, NY. p 121-141. 

National Academy of Sciences, Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management, Washiagton, D.C., 1986. 

Georghiou, G. P. In Pesticide Resistant Strategies and Tactics for Management Ncitional Academy of Science ... 

There are serious challenges in certain cropping systems due to the development of insect, disease, and weed resistance to pesticides. As a result, farmers are alternating modes of action of pesticides in order to reduce the development of pest resistance. The use of alternate mode of action pesticides to manage resistant pests varies with different crops and ranges from 30 to 72% of crop acres (Table 32.5). 

Considering the limited number of pesticides developed in recent years and the need to extend the useful life of the available compounds, WHO, in collaboration with other relevant institutions, should strengthen pesticide resistance monitoring in vectors and pests of public health importance and promote effective and practical resistance management strategies. 

Figure 10.6 Relationship between generations per year and development of resistance in species selected by soil application of aldrin/dieldrin. 1 and II, root maggots III, southern potato wireworm IV, northern corn rootworm V, European chafer VI, Japanese beetle VII, sugarcane wireworm. (From Georghiou, G.P. and Taylor, C.E., in Pesticide Resistance Strategies ami Tactics for Management, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1986,157 With permission.)...

Georghiou, G.P. and Taylor, C.E., Factors influencing the evolution of resistance, in Pesticide resistance Strategies and tactics for management, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1986, p. 157. 

Plapp, F.W., Jr., Campandhola, C., Bagwell, R.D., and McCutchen, B.F., Management of pyrethroid-resistant tobacco budworms on cotton in the United States, in Pesticide resistance in arthropods, Roush, R.T. and Tabashnik, B.E., Eds., New York Chapman and Hall, 1990, p. 237. 

Tabashnik, B.E. and Croft, B.A., Managing pesticide resistance in crop-arthropod complexes Interactions between biological and operational factors, Environ. Entomoi, 11,1137,1982. 

After many years of relative passivity in the face of resistance, a more aggressive concept of "resistance management" has developed considerable momentum in the last decade as it has become clear that new pesticides will not be readily available to replace those lost to resistance. This approach is reviewed elsewhere much more fully than is possible here (21,23-26). There are several critical areas of resistance management where a knowledge of pest biochemistry and physiology is essential ... 

Dover, M. Croft, B. "Getting Tough Public Policy and the Management of Pesticide Resistance" World Resources Institute Washington, D.C., 1984. 

National Research Council. "Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management" National Academy Press Washington, D. C., 1986 471 pp. 

Gressel, J. In Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Managements Glass, E. H., Ed. National Academy Press Washington, DC, 1986 p 55. 

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