Pest control programs

Considerable progress has been made over the past decade in the application of insect sex pheromones to pest control programs. As the commercial applications of pheromones have expanded, the demand for larger quantities of certain of these compounds has increased, but many of the published syntheses cannot readily be carried out on a kilogram scale. 

The ability of pests to resist poisoning is called pesticide resistance. Consider this when planning pest control programs that rely on the use of pesticides. 

For example, the use of pathogens is an important part of the pest control program for Japanese beetles. Japanese beetles are subject to attack by two naturally occurring species of bacteria which cause the fatal milky disease. Preparations containing spores of the contagious bacteria are produced commercially and released in infested areas. 

With low cost commodity products dominating the major crop markets and the high cost of developing new products, companies with heavy investments in research and development must concentrate on those new compounds that will either excel or fill a gap in the pest control programs. 

It is believed that as the farms become larger and the need for technological service increases, the farmer will come to rely more and more on the services of custom applicators. Custom application can be provided by the farm service center or companies specializing in this service. These applicators will provide the farmer a complete pest control program under contract. This frees up the farmers time, reduces capital outlay for special equipment, and reduces required skilled labor. 

Scientists have also begun to think about transgenic arthropods as a component of pest control programs (26). Contained research on transgenic insects is in progress in many laboratories around the world (27) and it may lead to advances in the control of insect pests as well as to help for beneficial insects such as bees. 

In the non-crop area, fipronil has rapidly grown to become the leading insecticide. It is the world s leading termiticide and is also a key component in urban pest control programs against cockroaches and ants. It is also used for control of... 

There must be a procedure or statement in the plan as to how transient employees, such as persons working on contract, are to be informed of the chemical hazards to which they may be exposed, and for provision of information of protective measures for these transient employees. It is not specifically spelled out in the standard but there is a need for the converse as well. Contractors are often called in to do renovations, perform an asbestos abatement project, or to conduct a pest control program, as examples, and use hazardous chemicals in the process or expose persoimel to airborne hazards. Provision should be made in the contracts for these groups for them to provide information to the occupants of the spaces where their work is being done. 

Putrefied animal matter hcis formed the basis for coyote attractants of possible value in pest control programs. Thus, a putrefied fish formulation has been used as a coyote lure and, more recently, attention has been directed to a fermented aqueous suspension of chicken whole-egg powder, developed initially as an attractant for flies (48). The odor components csf this material have been subjected to detailed chemical analysis ty Bullard et al. (49) and are reported to include volatile fatty acids (77% total 13 acids identified), bases (13% total, mainly trimethylamine, 9 amines identified), and headspace volatiles, including esters, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, alkyl aromatics, terpenes and sulfur compounds (10% total, 76 compounds identified). Based on these data, a synthetic mixture, "synthetic fermented egg" has been formulated, composed largely of a mixture of ten volatile fatty acids (81%), together with a diverse range of amines and other compounds (50). This mixture was found to be as attractive to coyotes as the fermented preparation itself. The volatile fatty acid component alone was found to exhibit substantial coyote attractancy also (50,51). ... 

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