Personalized medicine biomarkers

Key words Cancer, Personalized medicine. Biomarker, Proteome, Database... 

Silber BM. Pharmacogenomics, biomarkers, and the promise of personalized medicine. In Pharmacogenomics (Ka-low W, Meyer UA, Tyndale RF, Eds.). New York, Basel Marcel Dekker 2001 11-31. 

Furthermore, the recognition of variations across the different scales of spatial and temporal dimensions would enable the identification of shifting therapeutic targets to address both of the individual and the time variances in personalized medicine (see Fig. 1). Accurate and robust biomarkers can also be useful for the stratification of diseases and classification of patient subgroups for more effective prevention and therapy. The prediction of drug responses would in turn help avoid adverse events for better clinical outcomes. In addition, the construction of dynamic disease predictive networks derived from the analyses of omics data would allow for the transition from reactive treatments to holistic and proactive care. With the transformation from disease-centered to human-based care, the systems and dynamical models would provide patient-centric information to enhance the participation of individuals, the goal of participatory medicine. 

Cacabelos R (2001) The path to personalized medicine in mental disorders. In Ritsner MS (ed) The handbook of neuropsychiatric biomarkers, endophenotypes and genes, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands pp 3-63... 

In the following sections we describe the uses of nanoproteomics technologies for discovery, identification, and characterization of biomarkers useful in diagnosis and personalized medicine (see Table 1). 

M. Svinte, B. Robson, and M. Hehenberger. 2007. Biomarkers in drug development and patient care. Burrill 2007 Personalized Medicine Report 6(8) 3114-3126. 

Enviromics is the technology behind the measurement of environmental effects on disease diagnosis and drug therapy. This is a relatively new and undocumented area of pharmacogenomics, requiring considerable research to be carried out in the selection of environmental factors involved in personalized medicine and examining their effect on the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome in the production of molecular biomarkers. 

Together, the 13 protocols presented in this volume represent a number of the newest and most innovative methods in tissue proteomics. It is our desire that these protocols serve as a helpful resource and guide to investigators, while aiding future work in the areas of biomarker discovery, the profiling of therapeutic responses, and the new era of theranostics and personalized medicine. 

Biomarkers of exposure are important in toxicology, because they are indicators of internal dose, or the amount of chemical exposure that has resulted in absorption into the body. Biomarkers of effect reflect changes following exposure at different levels and their reversibility. Biomarkers of susceptibility represent an inherent property of the individual, due to environmental or genetic factors, that can be determined without exposure. Biomarkers play a role in the use of pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, and pharmacoproteomics for development of personalized medicine. 

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