Permanganate treatment

Potassium permanganate treatment methods are under development by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and have been evaluated in field demonstrations. The technology is commercially available. CAIROX is a strong oxidant that has also been used commercially for many years in the chemical manufacturing, drinking water, and wastewater industries. 

During an alkaline oxygen stage the formation of keto structures by oxidation of ketols is postulated, finally leading to acids. Sodium permanganate treatments yield a moderate increase in both, carbonyls and carboxyl groups at short reaction times [20]. 

The alkaloid berberine (360) is the source of two interesting mesomeric betaines (Scheme 14).256.2S7 i g ction with acetone gives 8-acetonyldihydro-berberine (361) which is oxidized to the bridged compound 362 (neooxyber-berineacetone) by potassium permanganate. Treatment of compound... 

Allylic functionalization of 187 could not be effected under a variety of conditions (e.g., A-bromosuccinimide, lead tetraacetate, selenium dioxide), nor could an additional double bond be introduced under dehydrogenation conditions (e.g., chloranil). Osmium tetroxide was ineffective in hydroxylation of 187 however, potassium permanganate treatment gave the diol 189 although in only 5.5% yield [originally reported as 33% (67)]. Compound 189 could be converted into 190 again in low yield (4.5%). The latter was shown to be identical with yet another degradation product (68, Scheme 11) of securinine by comparison of IR spectra and GLC behavior. 

Heliotridine, when treated with thionyl chloride, formed a dichloro compound, which was not isolated (9). Dichloroheliotridine hydrochloride absorbed two moles of hydrogen over platinum oxide catalyst with the formation of chloroheliotridane, CsHmCIN, b.p. 84-85° (10 mm.), [ ]d — 133.5°. This colorless, water-soluble oil contained no unsaturation which could be detected by permanganate. Treatment with sodium ethoxide brought about dehydrochlorination and the formation of helio-tridene, CsHuN, b.p. 54-55° (12 mm.), [q ]d — 10.5°, a colorless, unsaturated, water-soluble base. Hydrogenation over palladium converted helio-tridene to the saturated base heliotridane, CgHisN, b.p. 169-170° (760 mm.), [a]i> — 68° (methiodide, m.p. 240-250° picrate, m.p. 236°). When chloroheliotridane was treated with sodium and ethanol, a mixture of heliotridene and heliotridane was formed. The intermediate mixture was converted wholly to heliotridane by further reduction with hydrogen over palladium. 

Potassium permanganate has found application m many diffoient fields. In the early eighties, potassium permanganate treatment started to become popular as an odor control method in munic ai sewage plants and collection lin. Simultaneously, it gained importance as an oxidant for the destruction and/or detoxification of a wide variety of environmentally harmful chemicals in industrial waste materials (72). 

Table CXXXIX shows the results of using she activated carbons in reducing the TOC of resorcinol from 350 mg/1 to 139.4 mg/1,129.7 mg/U 120.5 mg/1,117.5 mg/U 1003 mg/1,121.9 mg/1 forNorit PAC 20B, Norit E Supra USP, Darco KB,Norit SX2, Darco S-51 and Hydrodaico C respectively. The TOC removal percentage ranged between 60.17% to 7134%. Subsequent treatment with Fenton s recent reduced the effluent TOC of the activated carbons further to 76.02 mg/1,72.97 mg/1,66.55 mg/1, 65.68 mg/U 52.62 mg/l, 1123 mg/l respectively. The TOC removal percentt e ranged from 7.71% to 47.54%. While with potassium permanganate treatment, same effluent TOC concentrations from the activated carbons produced 9339 mg/1,89.44 mg/1,7937 mg/U 78.06 mgA, 6631 mg/1,60.77 mg/1 respectively. The TOC removal percentage ranged fit>m 31.04% to 50.15%.

Permanganate treatment Changes the color and makes fibers soft. Porous structure is observed after treatment. 

Permanganate treatment Fibers are soaked in a permanganate solution which leads to the formation of cellulose radical that would result in graft polymerization. The concentration of permanganate solution is a vital parameter and therefore needs to be carefully controlled. Potassium permanganate (KMnO ) is the typical choice resulting in the reaction as observed in Equations 9.4a and 9.4b [22]. 

Permanganate treatment This method of treatment is very rarely used and therefore not much inference can be obtained from previous literature. The treatment leads to the formation of a cellulose radical through the formation of a MnO " ion. Sreekala et al. studied the effect of permanganate treatment on oil palm fibers as reinforcement in PF resin composites. Compared to their controls, the tensile strength of permanganate-treated oil-palm fiber composites decreased by 16%. The objective of the treatment was to enhance interface interlocking with (he aid of the radicals, but the resulting mechanical properties did not show an improvanent [22]. 

The proposed scheme (Fig. 8) also explains why osmium fixation, alone or in combination with glutaraldehyde or (and) permanganate treatment, leads to the classical trilamellar electron microscopic picture of membranes (Fig. 8d). Admittedly, this is not a complete picture of membrane organization after the above treatments. However, if poststaining reveals artifectual detail, the simple trilamellar picture, which incidentally contains the basic information derived from X-ray diffraction, is less misleading. 

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