Peripheral arterial disease epidemiology

Hung HC, Merchant A, Willett W, Ascherio A, Rosner BA, RimmEand JoshipuraKJ. 2003. The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and peripheral arterial disease. Epidemiology 14(6) 659— 665. 

McDermott MM. Peripheral arterial disease epidemiology and drug therapy. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2002 11 258-266. 

Criqui MH, DenenbergJO, Langer RD, etal. The epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease importance of identifying the population at risk. Vase Med 1997 2 221 -226. 

Chronic inflammation is an important component in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, and numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated, that increased serum CRP concentrations are positively associated with a risk of future coronary events, such as coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral arterial disease/ " It has also been shown to be predictive of future events in patients with acute coronary syndromes and in patients with stable angina and coronary artery stents. 

Balkau B, Vray M, Eschewege E. Epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease (Review). J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994 23 S8-S16. 

Criqui MH,Browner D, Fromek A, Klauber Mr, Coughlin SS, Barrett-Connor E, Gabriel S. Peripheral arterial disease in large vessels in epidemiologically district from small vessel disease. An analysis of risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 1989 129 1110-1119. 

This chapter will review the available studies that report the incidence and prevalence of peripheral vascular disease in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. It will focus not only on risk factors associated with the development of peripheral arterial disease, but also touch on pathophysiologic changes that may help to account for some epidemiologic trends. Lastly, it will highlight differences between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects concerning localization of disease and its association with mortality and limb loss. 

Novo S, Avellon G, Di Garbo V, et al. Prevalence of risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease. A clinical and epidemiological evaluation. Int Angiol 1992 11 218-229. 

Surprisingly, no clinical trials have specifically addressed the contribution of hypertension to the development of peripheral arterial disease. Most of the data comes from multiple regression analysis of many parameters looking for correlations, or subgroup analysis of trials designed primarily to look at coronary artery disease. However, Kannel cidA.. (6) has shown that epidemiological data analyzed in this way accurately predicts disease risk in a variety of American population samples, and in elderly as well as young coronary candidates. 

Not all epidemiological studies, however, confirm hypertension as a consistent risk factor for the development of peripheral vascular disease. Fowkes et al. (4) designed a retrospective study to assess risk factors in the general population that might be more powerful for the prediction of the development of peripheral arterial disease rather than coronary artery... 

Epidemiologic studies have indicated a very strong inverse association between HDL-cholesterol levels and the incidence of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease [32]. HDL is thought to promote efflux of cholesterol from peripheral cells in the vascular wall and return of that cholesterol to the liver for excretion in bile, a process known as reverse cholesterol transport [21]. HDL has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities [21]. Therefore, HDL levels may influence both the hyperlipidemia and inflammatory processes proposed as factors in the development of atherosclerosis. Although clinical data in support of HDL-raising are limited, in the VA-HIT trial gemfibrozil therapy in men with coronary artery disease and low HDL-cholesterol modestly increased HDL levels and reduced coronary events by 22% [33]. Presently, other methods of effectively and safely increasing HDL-cholesterol levels have not been discovered. 

Carbon disulphide. Carbon disulphide (MEL 10 ppm 8h TWA) is an excellent solvent with a wide range of potential uses, but it is also highly toxic. It has been shown to produce peripheral neuropathy and peripheral and brain arterial damage in humans. Epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between exposure to carbon disulphide and an increased incidence of coronary heart disease. Animal studies have shown teratogenic and fetotoxic effects. 

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