Periodicals general chemistry

The person whose name is most closely associated with the periodic table is Dmitri Mendeleev (1836-1907), a Russian chemist. In writing a textbook of general chemistry, Mendeleev devoted separate chapters to families of elements with similar properties, including the alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals, and the halogens. Reflecting on the properties of these and other elements, he proposed in 1869 a primitive version of today s periodic table. Mendeleev shrewdly left empty spaces in his table for new elements yet to be discovered. Indeed, he predicted detailed properties for three such elements (scandium, gallium, and germanium). By 1886 all of these elements had been discovered and found to have properties very similar to those he had predicted. 

We are now ready to consider why the elements are arranged as they are in the periodic table. We shall examine the known elements to discover the significance and usefulness of this table—a table so important it is printed on the inside cover of this and almost every other general chemistry textbook. 

However, Pauli s Nobel Prize-winning work did not provide a solution to the question which I shall call the closing of the periods —that is why the periods end, in the sense of achieving a full-shell configuration, at atomic numbers 2,10, 18, 36, 54, and so forth. This is a separate question from the closing of the shells. For example, if the shells were to fill sequentially, Pauli s scheme would predict that the second period should end with element number 28 or nickel, which of course it does not. Now, this feature is important in chemical education since it implies that quantum mechanics cannot strictly predict where chemical properties recur in the periodic table. It would seem that quantum mechanics does not fully explain the single most important aspect of the periodic table as far as general chemistry is concerned. 

The well-known textbook General Chemistry by Atkins and Beran (1992) starts by telling the reader that the cradle of chemistry lies in the stars. One can hardly think of a better way of emphasising the role of cosmochemistry. The synthesis of the elements, which are now logically ordered in the periodic table, can be divided into three stages, which are separated in both time and space ... 

The scientific work of Gottschalk falls into three, well-defined periods. His early work was mainly in the general area of the metabolism of carbohydrates and of biologically related compounds. Then, about 1947, he became involved in studies on the interaction between the influenza virion and the surface of the red cell, and this led him to his important work on sialic acid. During the last period, Gottschalk extended his interest to the general chemistry and biochemistry of glycoproteins. 

Below ore some conclusions that an average general chemistry student (certainly not you ) might have after reading about the periodic table in a general chemistry textbook written by average authors (not us ). Please rewrite each statement to clarify possible misconceptions (if any). 

An ionic compound will form V I when an element from the far left-hand side combines with an element from the far right-hand side of the periodic table (a notable exception being BeCy. Compounds encountered in a general chemistry course are usually ionic if formed from reaction of a metal with a nonmetal. 

As you should recall from general chemistry, a favorable equilibrium constant is not sufficient to ensure that a reaction will occur. In addition, the rate of the reaction must be fast enough that the reaction occurs in a reasonable period of time. The reaction rate depends on a number of factors. First, the reactants, in this case the acid and the base, must collide. In this collision the molecules must be oriented properly so that the orbitals that will form the new bond can begin to overlap. The orientation required for the orbitals of the reactants is called the stereoelectronic requirement of the reaction. (,Stereo means dealing with the three dimensions of space.) In the acid-base reaction, the collision must occur so that the atomic orbital of the base that is occupied by the unshared pair of electrons can begin to overlap with the is orbital of the acidic hydrogen. 

Refs. [i] Habashi F (ed) (1998) Alloys, preparation, properties, applications. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim [ii] Matucha KH (1996) Structure and properties of nonferrous alloys. In Matucha KH (ed) Materials science and technology. A comprehensive treatment, vol 8. VCH, Weinheim [iii] Fleischer A, Lander J, (eds) (1971) Zinc-silver oxide batteries. Wiley, Chichester [iv] Hicks HG (1960) The radiochemistry of zinc. McGraw-Hill, New York [v] Linden D, Thomas BR (eds) (2002) Handbook of batteries, 3rd edn McGraw-Hill, New York [vi] Pauling L (1970) General chemistry, 3rd edn. Freeman, San Francisco [vii] Lide DR (ed) (2003-2004) Handbook of chemistry and physics, 84th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton [viii] http //periodic.lanl.gov/elements/30.html... 

The general chemistry of Ac3 in both solid compounds and solution, where known, is very similar to that of lanthanum, as would be expected from the similarity in position in the Periodic Table and in radii (Ac3, 1.10 La3, 1.06 A) together with the noble gas structure of the ion. Thus actinium is a true member of Group 3, the only difference from lanthanum being in the expected increased basicity. The increased basic character is shown by the stronger absorption of the hydrated ion on cation-exchange resins, the poorer extraction of the ion from concentrated nitric acid solutions by tributyl phosphate, and the hydrolysis of the trihalides with water vapor at 1000°C to the oxohalides AcOX the lanthanum halides are hydrolyzed to oxide by water vapor at 1000°C. 

Since so much can be predicted or at least rationalized on the basis of the periodicity of a few simple atomic properties, especially Pauling electronegativity, size, and charge (or oxidation number) see Oxidation Number) of the atoms or ions involved, we begin by looking at these trends in some detail (beyond that done in General Chemistry courses) and... 

The basic and well-known German periodicals in the field of general chemistry, such as Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, Chemische Berichte and Ange-wandte Chemie, have been back with us for some time. Chemische Berichte, which is the continuation of Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, never published volumes 78 (1945) and 79 (1946). 

A. General Chemistry — Periodic trends, oxidation states, nuclear chemistry... 

I See the Saunders Interactive General Chemistry CD-ROM, Screen 8.9, Atomic Properties and Periodic Trends. 

Hefferlin, R. andBurdick, G.W. 1994. Fizicheskie i Khimicheskie Periodicheskie Sistemy Molekul. Zhumal Obshchei Khimii 64 1870-1885. (English translation 1994. Periodic Systems of Molecules Physical and Chemical. Russian Journal General Chemistry 64 1659-1674.)... 

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