Performance pulse load

To provide ultra-high reliability and independent operational control, two thermal battery types were developed and refined for optimum and reliable performance. One thermal battery was to be used for the EHP application, which requires a square wave current pulse load for its entire operating life. The second thermal battery was designed to provide power to the DC emergency bus bar and was required to meet a constant power output for its entire operating life. The operating life requirement was the same for both thermal batteries. Both of these thermal batteries have met the vibration, shock, and all other applicable military specifications. Specific structural and critical performance parameters will be described in Section 7.8 on thermal battery classification. Ordinance and nonordinance applications wiU be identified with an emphasis on performance capabihties and limitations. No other battery can outperform the LiAlFeSj thermal battery... 

FIGURE 13.12 Pulse load performance of zinc/air button battmes (a) < //., short pulse duration, (b)... 

A hybrid system consisting of a fuel cell and lithium-ion battery has been successfully introduced in a pulse power load simulation similar to military electronics and communications equipment. The hybrid consists of a 35 W proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack in parallel with a lithium-ion battery. Two cycling regimes are utilized. Each consists of a baseline load for 9 min followed by a higher pulse load for 1 min. One regime consists of 20 W (baseline)/40 W (pulse) load, whereas the second is 25 W/50 W. Under both scenarios, the hybrid provides significantly enhanced performance over the individual components tested separately. 

Pulse testing also has problems in situations where load disturbances occur at the same time as the pulse is being performed. These other disturbances can effect the shape of the output response and produce poor results. The output of the prt)cess may not return to its original value because of load disturbances. 

The longer pulse duration and cumulative run-time, together with the higher heat loads and more intense disruptions, represent the largest changes in operation conditions compared to today s experiments. Erosion of PFCs over many pulses, and distribution of eroded material, are critical issues that will affect the performance and the operating schedule of the ITER tokamak. Primary effects ensuing from erosion/re-deposition include plasma contamination, tritium co-deposition with carbon (if used in some parts of the divertor), component lifetime, dust, and formation of mixed-materials, whose behavior is still uncertain. 

The TAP-2 reactor system [4] was used to perform transient response experiments under vacuum and at temperatures ranging from 300 to 400°C. A carbon loading of 100 mg was placed between two layers of quartz particles (0.2-0.3 mm particle size). Neon was used as an internal standard for calibration and as a reference for diffusion. Nitric oxide and neon were introduced by pulses in the microreactor (25.4 mm in length and 4 mm in diameter) in a volume ratio of 1 1. The reactor was continuously evacuated and the response of the pulses as a function of time was analysed on -line by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. 

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