Performance figures, range

Most standard pump curves illustrate the effect of changing impeller diameters on characteristic performance (Figure 3-36A). Note change as reflected in the different impeller diameters. However, the slight change in efficiency is not recorded over the allowable range of impeller change. 

Calculations of the energetics of bubble formation over a range of cluster sizes N = 6.5 x 10 to 2 x 10 ) were performed. Figure 13 portrays the calculated binding energies Ec/N per atom for a He cluster without a bubble. The cluster size dependence of Ec/N per atom for ordinary ( He) clusters in the larger size domain (N = 6.5 x 10 to 2 x 10 ) is portrayed in Fig. 13. These energies obey the cluster size equation for the LDM [51-53, 84, 106]... 

To obtain a clear dependency a statistical treatment of all the calculated photolysis frequencies, derived from all the actinic spectra recorded in the EUPHORE chamber has been performed. Figure 3 shows an example of the complete dataset for acetaldehyde. The statistical treatment has allowed a clear dependency between the calculated photolysis frequency and the solar zenith angle to be established. The result obtained for acetaldehyde statistical treatment after is presented graphically in Figure 4. The error bars represent the statistical (la) error only. Photolysis frequencies have been calculated in the range of 19 to 71.5 solar zenith angles for 17 carbonyl compounds. The calculated photolysis frequencies obtained for the different zenith angles as derived from all the EUPHORE actinic flux spectra measurements are presented in Table 1. 

We present here only one example of experimentally measured nucleation rates, those for n-butanol. Viisanen and Strey (1994) measured homogeneous nucleation rates of n-butanol in argon in an expansion chamber as a function of saturation ratio in the temperature range 225 to 265 K. In this temperature range the equilibrium vapor pressure and surface tension of n-butanol are known with sufficient accuracy that a quantitative comparison of the observed nucleation rates with those predicted by classical theory could be performed. Figure 10.7 shows the measured nucleation rates (the data points) and the predictions of the classical theory (solid lines). Nucleation rates ranging from about 10 to 10 cm s were measured. To check for possible influence of the carrier gas, measurements were also carried out with helium and xenon as carrier gases. The authors did not ob-... 

Another widely-used extraction technique is supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with supercritical CO2. The extraction capability of supercritical CO2 is dependent upon the applied pressure. For pressures in the range of 40 bar, CO2 has an extraction polarity similar to that of hexane. For pressures near 400 bar, the extraction behavior is similar to that of dichloromethane. Thus, by using a pressure gradient, effective extraction of lipophilic compounds can be performed. Figure 7-10 shows a feasible arrangement for online SFE-NMR coupling [13], [14]. 

Interpret the results, change the bets, and by iteration come up with a portfolio that meets your requirements (or simply identify a range of performance figures for your portfolio against the benchmark under the chosen conditions). 

Process controls can range from unsophisticated to very sophisticated devices. Their cost includes the equipment and using them correctly (they take time, patience, and a willingness to learn new ways of molding). Figure 2-14 provides a simplified approach to understanding controls, and Fig. 2-15 reviews some variables that influence part performance. Figures 2-6 and 2-13 show the many parameters that are interfaced to develop the most efficient machine operation. Tradeoffs are inevitable in a complex operation such as IM. Many of these variables influence end results, and some of the variables interact. 

Some plastics can be used with many different processes, but certain others require a specific process. Generally, process selection takes place before material selection, as a range of materials may be available for different processes or only one method of processing may be available. The one process situation could be very unprofitable or restrictive to product performance. Figures 11-2 through 11-7 provide summary guides to selection procedures for processes, products, and materials (3). It is important to realize that the fabrication process can markedly influence product performance. 

Performance figures of column internals, technical data Liquid load, vapor load (loading factor, operating range)... 

Diode lasers at U V range are stiU quite expensive and the power is limited. Thus, they are seldom used in commercial fluorometers. The development of these devices is intense, and more affordable prices with good performance figures can be expected in the near future. 

During the last decade, there have been countless studies devoted to the synthesis of different thiophene-based polymers and oligomers for photovoltaic applications and various photoconversion efficiencies ranging from 0.1 to 5 % have been reported for devices based on such materials. We have chosen some references that cover a small part of the literature on polythiophene-based [40-54] and oligothiophene-based [55-60] devices with relatively successful photovoltaic performance. Figure 18.3 shows the molecular structures of some of the most successful materials, and their optical bandgaps and PCE are given in Table 18.1. 

Progress made in the development of fuel cell drives can be shown by referring to performance data for passenger cars (Figure 1.6). The figure shows that in an early phase of development, the stack performances were comparatively low, certainly due to considerably lower power densities or specific performances of fuel-cell systems. This allowed only a limited driving performance. The range was... 

This large flexibility in their use is due to their amphiphilic molecular structure, which can mainly range from a straight, linear alkyl chain to more complex double or cholesterol derivative hydrophobic moieties with one or more conventional or innovative hydrophilic groups being introduced to tune their properties according to a specific required performance (Figure 1). 

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