Pepper- wood

Common/vernacular names Angelica tree, northern prickly ash, pepper wood, toothache tree, and yellow wood (Z. americanum), Hercules club, prickly yellow wood, sea ash, and southern prickly ash (Z. clava-herculis), toothache tree and xanthoxylum. 

The odour of pepper oil is described as fresh, dry-woody, warm-spicy and similar to that of the black peppercorn (Purseglove et al., 1981). The flavour is rather dry-wood and lacks the pungency of the spice since the alkaloids are not extracted by steam distillation. Very few studies are reported in the literature on correlation of oil composition to odour characteristics. Hasselstrom et al. (1957) attribute the characteristic odour of pepper oil to the small amounts of oxygenated constituents present. Lewis etal. (1969) consider that a number of monoterpenes present in the oil are necessary for strong... 

Wood etal. (1988) developed the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for piperine determination in black pepper and its oleoresins. ft employs bonded C18 stationary phase (ODS-2) and acetonitrile-aqueous acetic acid mobile phase with UV detection. As the spectropho-tometric method which invariably yields higher results because of the contributions from other alkaloids such as piperyline and piperettine, the HPLC method relates more to piperine. Utilizing the UV absorption property of piperine, spectrophotometric estimation methods were developed by different groups using solvents such as benzene, ethanol, ethylene dichloride, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform and cyclohexane. Sowbhagya et al. (1990) proved that extractability with acetone was very efficient. 

Wood, A.B., Barrow, M.L. and James, D.J. (1 988) Piperine determination in pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and its oleoresins a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method. Flavour and Fragrance journal 3(2), 55-64. 

Pepper JM, Baylis PET, Adler E (1959) The isolation and properties of lignins obtained by the acidolysis of spruce and aspen woods m dioxane-water medium Can J Chem 37 1241-1248... 

Kavanaugh KR, Pepper JM (1955) The alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of aspen wood and lignin model substances Can J Chem 33 24-30... 

Pepper and Supathna (1978) studies the effect on product yields of Rh-C applications ranging in amount from 1 to 30% of the original wood in the hydrogenolysis of spruce wood meal The yield of dihydroconiferyl alcohol, (9), was found to increase while the yield of 4-n-propylguaiacol, (8), decreased When the catalyst application exceeded 10%, traces of cyclohexyl derivatives were detected The maximum total yield of (8) and (9) was obtained with a 10-20% catalyst application... 

Aspen wood meal Raney nickel 195 °C, 5 h Dioxane-water (1 1) (Pepper and Steck 1963) Spruce wood meal Rhodium-C 195 °C, 5h Dioxane-water (1 1) (Pepper and Lee 1969) Birch MWL Oak MWL Copper chromite 240-260°C, 48 hDioxane (Coscia et al 1961) Spruce MWL Copper chromite 240°C, 47hDioxane (Olcay 1963)... 

Klemola and Pepper (1969) isolated 2-(2-methoxyl-4-n-propylphenoxy)-propan-l-ol, (55), after hydrogenolysis of spruce wood m the presence of a Rh-C catalyst... 

Pepper JM, Supathna P (1978) Lignin and related compounds VII A study of variables affecting the hydrogenolysis of spruce wood lignin using a rhodium-on-charcoal catalyst Can J Chem 56 899-902... 

Pepper JM, Rahman MD (1987) Lignin and related compounds XI Selected degradation of aspen poplar lignin by catalytic hydrogenolysis Cellul Chem Technol 21 233-239 Rahman RD, Pepper JM (1988) Lignin and related compounds XII Catalytic degradation of proto and isolated aspen lignins under initially alkaline conditions J Wood Chem Technol... 

Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) (Solanaceae) Fragaria ananassa (strawberry) (Rosaceae) Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) (Solanaceae) Mcotiana sylvestris (wood tobacco) (Solanaceae) Mcotiana tabacum (tobacco) (Solanaceae)... 

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