Penicillium strains

APA may be either obtained directly from special Penicillium strains or by hydrolysis of penicillin Q with the aid of amidase enzymes. A major problem in the synthesis of different amides from 6-APA is the acid- and base-sensitivity of its -lactam ring which is usually very unstable outside of the pH range from 3 to 6. One synthesis of ampidllin applies the condensation of 6-APA with a mixed anhydride of N-protected phenylglydne. Catalytic hydrogenation removes the N-protecting group. Yields are low (2 30%) (without scheme). 

Selection of a constitutive hyper-pectinolytic mutant from a Penicillium strain... 

Ochratoxin, citrinin Contaminant (mycotoxin) Produced by Penicillium strains nephropathy (endemic Balkan nephropathy)... 

Subgenus, Optimal Growth Temperature, and Origin for 12 Penicillium Strains Investigated... 

Roquefortines C and D are two of the four alkaloids isolated from a Japanese Penicillium strain that has been identified as P. corymbiferum,24 and roquefortine has been isolated from P. cyclopium.l5h... 

Figures 6 and 7 show ergosterol content during P. canescens growth. Eigosterol content is related to the Penicillium strain growth. As we can see, ergosterol content increases with...

The present work has established the potential of a laboratory multi-layer-packed bed reactor for xylanase production in solid-state fermentation by P. canescens. Optimal production obtained is largely superior to those related in literature. Two problems are identified. Initially, the forced aeration causes sporulation of the Penicillium strain and so decreases xylanase production. In addition, increasing the cultural surface more than 100 g/layer of soya oil cake (1-cm bed height) decreases significantly xylanase production and constitutes a disadvantage for this process. To increase efficiency of the multi-layer-packed bed reactor, we can increase the dimensions of the layers. Why not associate mixing the culture medium, moistened air, and a rigorous control of the temperature at the inner the reactor Another approach would be to develop a reactor in this direction to improve the production. 

Examples involving four common synthetic steps, oxidation, reduction, addition, and epoxidation, are given in Figure 20.8 to illustrate the more general role of biocatalysts (microbial and enzymatic) in asymmetric synthesis. Table 20.11 contains several other examples of bioasymmetric synthesis. The classical application of this route is the well-known total synthesis of penicillins starting from various building blocks using a variety of Penicillium strains. 

Another Penicillium strain that proved to be an exeellent souree of a new antibiotie was diseovered on a moldy ean-taloupe in a Peoria, Illinois market. 

The latex of NR was found to be attacked by some Aspergillus and Penicillium strains, with a 32% weight reduction after a month cultivation... 

These results clearly demonstrate that the isoprene moieties are of mevalo-nate origin. The pipecolic acid moiety, being derived from L-lysine, can arise via two biochemical pathways as shown in Scheme 17. In order to discriminate between these pathways (A andB),Kuo etal.fed individually [a- N]- or [c- N]-L-lysine to a marcfortine A-producing Penicillium strain UC7780 and foimd that... 

Dictyosphaeric adds A and B are two new examples of decalactones isolated from an undetermined Penicillium (strain F01V25) from Dictyosphaeria versluyii (Siphonocla-dales) harvested in the Fiji islands. Both original com-pormds are only moderately antibacterial (Bugni et al., 2004). 

Bringmann, G., Lang, G., Bruhn, T, Schaffler, K Steffens, S., Schmaljohann, R., Wiese, J., and ImhofF, J.F. (2010) Sorbifuranones A-C, sorbicillinoid metabolites from Penicillium strains isolated from Mediterranean sponges. Tetrahedron, 66, 9894—9901. 

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