Pelletizing Section

The SPS powder shows a particle size distribution and contains also some small particles. This powder may be caught in the wind and may cause environmental problems. Many customers dislike the powdery form, so that the SPS polymer is transformed into pellets. In the extruder, some additives are added to the polymer to improve selected polymer properties as known from other polymers. 

The dried SPS powder is sent to the powder hopper (V-600A,B). SPS powder from the powder hopper and additional additives are fed through the extruder (Q-600) to the pelletizer (Q-610). Volatile residuals in the SPS polymer are vented and removed from the extruder [15]. 

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Fig. 8.3S Flow diagram of the pelleting section of the secondary solid fuel manufacturing plant at Schwarze Pumpe, Germany (courtesy Amandus Kahl, Reinbek, Germany)...

Figure 10.2-3. Study of the intracellular trafficking of a plasmid complexed with a synthetic phosphonolipid nsing electonic microscopy. Cell lines were transfected with lipoplexes. Then, DNA probes specific to the plasmid nsed and tagged with gold particles was incnbated with the cells pellet sections. The DNA migration was also observed. Reprinted from Ref. 1, with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 10. Calculated equipotential lines in a pellet section for primary current distribution. The counter electrode potential is set to -I V and the working electrode potential to +1 V. The equipotential lines are drawn at steps of 0.2 V. Gray levels show the potential distribution between -0.01 V and +0.01 V, see right scale. Reprinted from J. Electroanai Chem., G. F6ti, V. Stankovid, I. Boizonella, and Ch. Comninellis, Transient Behavior of Electrochemical Promotion of as-Phase Catalytic Reactions, 0(2002) in press, with permission from Elsevier Science.

What immediately becomes apparent is a well-defined ring of void space within the pellet. These voids are observed in every pellet sectioned and studied and must be a result of the method of manufacture of the pellet. What also becomes apparent is a clear deviation from the mercury porosimetry intrusion curve in the pellet case. It ears that the pellet is constructed of large voids spaces, which, by the Washburn equation, should be filled with alloy at very low pressure, of the order of Ibara to 3bara. In fact, these voids are being... 

The distribution of y-emitting fission products across a fuel pellet section can also be determined by micro-gamma scanning. With a carefully designed system, a local resolution on the order of 250 to 500 pm can be achieved (Manzel et al., 1984). 

Whisker carbon is formed as characteristic fibres (nanotubes) [505] from CO, CH4 and higher hydrocarbons and may result in breakdown of the catalyst pellet (Section 5.2.2). The low-temperature phenomenon gum formation involves blockage of the metal surface by a film of polymerised carbonaceous material (Section 5.3.3). Pyrolytic carbon is a result of thermal reactions (pyrolysis) as experienced in steam crackers... 

The SPS process is divided into eight sections. They are monomer purification section, catalyst section, polymerization section, styrene removal from SPS, deactivation section, pelletizing section, blending section, and shipping section. Each section will be explained from the patent information. 

Figure 12.10 shows the flow diagram of the pelletizing section. 

Figure 12.10 Flow diagram of the pelletizing section. V-600A,B powder hopjrer Q-600 extruder Z-600 strand bath Q-610 pelletizer.

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