Peats types

TUORILA, P. 1929. Bindungsvermogen verschiedener Torfarten fur Stickstoff in Form von Ammoniak. Ability of different peat types to bind nitrogen in the form of ammonia (in German). Suomen Suovilj. yhd. julk. 9. 

The objectives of Aho s study [8] were to investigate the effects of peat type, particle density, diameter and moisture content, and oxygen concentration on the flue gas emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide from a homogenous countercurrent batch bed combustion using a pot furnace. His aim was to simulate the interaction of chemistry between the fuel bed system and the combustion chamber of a overfired batch bed. However, he also presented some results on the combustion heat rate. 

Three peat samples (2 m each) were taken at two peat production areas in Finland, namely Kailasuo and Piipsanneva. They were homogenised and prepared as pieces of different density and diameter with laboratory-scale machines. Peat properties are shown in Table 3. Aho classified the peat into three groups with respect to degree of decomposition of chemical structure. The peat types were denoted by S for low decomposition degree, C for medium and LS for high degree of decomposition. 

Determine the variations in premaceral types and proportions within a wide variety of peat types. 

Figure 2. Color of all ingredients in the four peat types as determined by area point counts of microtome sections. (Average of three samples from each area)...

Figure 3. Percentage of birefringent organics compared with peat types in two cores from the Okefenokee Swamp.

Preliminary correlations of petrographic characteristics of peats (i.e., peat types, premaceral proportions, and premaceral types) with proximate and ultimate analyses suggest the following trends ... 

Peat is formed from degradative remains of plant material, mainly of the peat mosses Sphagnum and Hypnum. Peat types are categorized by botanical composition and degree of coalification. In peat, the coalification process is only beginning, and lignin,... 

TABLE 9. Classification and Chemical Data for Different Peat Types"... 

It is suggested that benchmark sites (type locations) of the various peat types of the world be selected. The criteria for classification could be that recently proposed by the International Peat Society (1980), which include three important properties—botanical composition, degree of decomposition, and the trophic status (base saturation) of peat. 

A variety of peat types can be identified according to the main plant genera present.These include reed/sedge types (e.g. Cladium, sawgrass), woody types (e.g. 

Figure 8.26. The matricized arrays of the peat example (35 x 21) shown as images the data, the model and the absolute value of the residual. The greyvalues represent the lengths of histogram bars in the 2D histogram. The horizontal axis represents the 21 particle area histogram bins, the vertical axis shows the five peat types x seven treatments.

Leverage is discussed in Chapter 7. It is a measure of influence in regression models, but the idea of calculating Squared Mahalanobis distances can also be used for PARAFAC or Tucker loadings. For the peat example (5 x 7 x 21) the Squared Mahalanobis distances hA, hB and hc as they are defined in Chapter 7, may be calculated for the peat types, for the treatments and for the particle sizes. 

PEAT 5 x 7 x 21 Peat type Treatment Particle area Compare types, treatments, check treatment efficiency... 

The PEAT example of Geladi etal. [2000] was introduced in Chapter 8 (Figures 8.11 and 8.13). It is made up of an ANOVA layout in five peat types (treatment A) and seven particle... 

The water storage characteristics of several Minnesota peats in situ, as determined by Boelter (1964), were shown to vary markedly with peat type. Surface horizons of sphagnum moss peat had large pores and released about 80% of the water by volume at low suction (0.1 bar). In contrast, decomposed and herbaceous peats from horizons below 25 cm had small pores, although high porosity, and were not easily drained. They released only 25—35% water by volume under the same suction. These data emphasize that water table fluctuations in a peat profile do not in themselves indicate the quantity of water involved. Furthermore, peat types must be considered in drainage operations. 

Organic sulfur can represent >50% of the total sulfur found in some coals and can arise from the interaction of peat-type precursors with hydrogen sulfide (Casagrande et al., 1979). On the other hand, there are several lines of evidence (Chou, 1990) which lead to the conclusion that sulfur in plant material is the principal source of sulfur in low-sulfur coal whereas in medium- and high-sulfur coals, seawater is also a predominant source of sulfur (Figure 3.26) (Chou, 1990). 

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