Pathogens composting

If the process is properly conducted, it is possible to kill all the pathogens, weeds, and seeds during the composting process. To do this, the temperature must be maintained between 333 and. 344 K (140 and 160°F) for 24 h. 

There are alternative systems to the marketability of biosolids from wastewater treatment plants. In fact, there are more than a dozen systems encompassing Class A pathogen-reduction technologies, but among these the most promising and widely used are alkaline stabilization, thermal drying, and composting. 

Old compost material has lower levels of pathogens, because after extended curing, a well-ripened compost is considered to have been stabilised by a different type of microbial community. Regrowth of bacterial pathogens,... 

Hay J C (1996), Pathogen destruction and biosohds composting , BioCycle, June, 67-76. 

Islam M, Morgan J, Doyle M P, Phatak, S C, Millner P and Jiang X (2004a), Persistence of Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium on lettuce and parsley and in soils which they were grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts on irrigation water , Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 1 (1), 27-35. 

Irradiation shortens the composting period, because it is not necessary to keep an elevated fermentation temperature to reduce the pathogens in the sludge. 

Bertoldi and Civilini (2006) carried out a composting process in two separate reactors first, only in the thermophilic phase, with the purpose of pathogen destruction and decomposition by selected thermophilic microorganisms second, only in the mesophilic phase, to perform the main microbial transformations with a higher... 

Larbi M, Gobat JM, Fuchs JG (2006) Inhibition of the apple scab pathogen venturia inaequalis and the grapewine downy mildew pathogen plasmopara viticola by extracts of green waste compost. ORBIT Conference... 

Lemunier M, Francou C, Rousseaux S, Houot S, Dantigny P, Piveteau P, Guzzo J (2005) Longterm survival of pathogenic and sanitation indicator bacteria in experimental biowaste composts. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 5779-5786... 

Left) Compost pile hygiene The heat generated by the process of decay will kill many pathogens, but material infected with certain very persistent diseases, such as clubroot, should be taken to a green waste recycling center. 

Martin H (2005) Manure composting as a pathogen reduction strategy. In Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) Factsheet (ISSN 1198-712X), Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), Toronto, ON, Canada... 

Klein M, Brown L, Ashbolt NJ et al (2011) Inactivation of indicators and pathogens in cattle feedlot manures and compost as determined by molecular and culture assays. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 77(1) 200-210... 

In the main, proper manure sewage/manure treatment (e.g., composting) can be sufficient to inactivate human pathogens. However, the... 

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