Patent independent

Commercial interest in poly(vinyl chloride) was revealed in a number of patents independently filed in 1928 by the Carbide and Carbon Chemical Corporaration, Du Pont and IG Farben. In each case the patents dealt with vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers. This was because the homopolymer could only be processed in the melt state at temperatures where high decomposition rates occurred. In comparison the copolymers, which could be processed at much lower temperatures, were less affected by processing operations. 

Although the possibility of electrolytic decomposition of sodium chloride was indicated by W. Cruikshank back in 1800, the first electrolysis plant (diaphragm-type cells) was introduced in 1888 in the company Griesheim (Germany). A few years later (1892), H. Y. Castner and C. Kellner patented independently CAT cells with flowing mercury cathodes. During last decades of twentieth century, membrane-type cells were developed and applied by Hooker... 

Polyolefins, PO. First impact modification of PO, by addition of elastomers, was patented independently by Bayer A.-G. and Standard Oil Co. in 1937. The isotactic polypropylene, PP, was commercialized in 1957, and its first blends (with polyisobutylene, PIB, and polyethylene, PE) were patented in 1958. In 1960, du Pont started manufacturing ethylene-propylene, EPR, and three years later ethylene-propylene-diene, EPDM, copolymers [Gresham and Hunt, I960]. The first patent on impact modification of PP by addition of EPR dates from 1960. Direct reactor blending of PE/PP/EPR resulting in a thermoplastic polyolefin, R-TPO, dates from 1979. The newest (introduced in 1992) single-site metallocene catalysts generate polymers with controlled tacticity, co-monomer sequences, molecular... 

But the idea of gas turbine itself can be traced back to a 1791 patent by Barber, who wrote of the basic concept of a heat engine for power generation. Air and gas were to be compressed and burned to produce combustion products these were to be used to drive a turbine producing a work output. The compressor could be driven independently (along the lines of Whittle s early thoughts) or by the turbine itself if it was producing enough work. 

Examples of dehydrobromination leading to bromoethynylpyrazoles as illustrated by Scheme 36 are described in a patent (99USP5925769). Treatment of 1,1-dibromooleflns with tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THE at room temperature for about 24 h under N2 gives the l-bromo-2-(pyrazol-3-yl)acetylenes where R, R, R, and R" are independently selected from H and alkyl, alkoxy. 

The finishes produced have very good light fastness and corrosion resistance, and, unlike integral colour finishes, the shade is largely independent of the aluminium alloy and the anodic film thickness used. The whole range of shades can be produced on films as thin as 5 /im, so the finishes are also being used in trim applications. Many patents and publications in the electrolytic colouring field now exist and they have been reviewed by many authors . 

In order to probe the influence of Au and KOAc on the vinyl acetate synthesis chemistry, four different catalysts were synthesized. All of these catalysts were prepared in a manner exemplified in prior patent technology [Bissot, 1977], and each contained the same palladium loading in an egg-shell layer on the surface of a spherical silica support. The palladium content in the catalyst was easily controlled by adjusting the solution strength of palladium chloride (PdClj) added to the porous silica beads prior to its precipitation onto the support by reaction with sodium metasilicate (Na SiOj). The other two catalyst components (Au and KOAc) were either present or absent in order to complete the independent evaluation of their effect on the process chemistry, e.g., (1) Pd-i-Au-hKOAc, (2) Pd-i-KOAc, (3) Pd-hAu, and (4) Pd only. 

It is important to begin producing this additive as soon as possible. This is because die discovery of something new is frequently made by two or more independent investigators at about the same time, and the first producer sets the standards and gets the markets. In 1969 four chemical companies Standard Oil Co. (Indiana), DuPont, Phillips Petroleum, and Montecatini-Edison, were all claiming to be the inventor of polypropylene. At that time, the U.S. Patent Office had still not decided who would get the U.S. patent, even though the work had been done over 10 years before.5 Finally in December 1971 Montecatini-Edison received the patent. 

To avoid legal glitches when claiming compounds, claim important compounds individually in independent claims. It costs more up front, but helps avoid expensive and potentially catastrophic patent defeating legal glitches later. If you do use dependent claims, make them all dependent on a broad, independent Claim 1. 

Two laboratories have independently disclosed an interesting series of mechanism-based inhibitors. The dihydropyrrole 31, which appeared in a patent application [61], was reported to inhibit rat lung SSAO/VAP-1 with an IC50 = 500 nM. Recently, the Sayre team extended earlier work [74] and showed that these inhibitors, exemplified by 32, covalently bound to the enzyme with the cofactor in the reduced form [75]. Presumably, aromatization of the dihydropyrrole moiety accounts for the observed potencies. 

In the late 1970s, Kirchhoff at Dow Chemical Company developed the use of benzocyclobutenes in polymer synthesis and modification. These efforts culminated in 1985 with the issuance of the first patent describing the use of benzocyclobutene in the synthesis of high-molecular-weight polymer.27 Similar work that involved a thermosetting system based on Diels-Alder cycloaddition between terminal benzocyclobutene and alkyne groups,28,29 was reported separately and independently by Tan and Arnold.28 Since these initial discoveries, the field of benzocyclobutene polymers has expanded rapidly and benzocyclobutene chemistry constitutes the basis of a new and versatile approach to the synthesis of high-performance polymers for applications in the electronics and aerospace industries.30... 

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