Pasting or saponification

The fabrication of marbled soaps requires several distinct operations, which may be thus summed up — 1. Preparation of the lyes. 2. Pasting, or saponification of the oils and fatty substances. 3. Separation of the saponified paste from the weak lyes it contains. 4. Coction (boiling). 5. Mottling or marbling/ ... 

It is considered the best procedure to commence the pasting or saponification with weak lye. 

Classification of Soaps—Direct combination of Patty Acids with Alkali— Cold Process Soaps—Saponification under Increased or Diminished Pressure—Soft Soap—Marine. Soap—Hydrated Soaps, Smooth and Marbled — Pasting or Saponification — Graining Out — Boiling on... 

Paste rosin sizes are supplied as viscous pastes containing 60—80% solids. These sizes may contain unmodified or fortified rosin that has reacted (ie, been fortified) with either maleic anhydride [108-31-6] or fumaric acid [110-17-8] (see Fig. 3). In either case, the unmodified or fortified rosin is treated with aqueous alkaH so that the degree of neutralization, ie, saponification, varies from 75—100% depending on the physical state desired for the commercial product. Before use, the paste size must be converted to a stable, dilute rosin size emulsion by careful sequential dilution with warm water foUowed by cold water, with good agitation. 

In the past, quality control of perfumes was done by measuring physical properties like the refractive index, density, and optical rotation, in addition to very simple chemical tests like acidimetry and measurement of the saponification and carbonyl indexes. However, these tests were only useful for checking the raw materials or the final product, and they did not offer an actual determination of the compounds that were present in an unknown perfume. 

Xevat s Process.— The object of this process is to utilise the waste or residual oily products resulting from the distillation of essential oils, and to add to the emoUiency of the soap by the employment of lichen. The fatty matters are first heated to expel the alcohol left in them after the process of distillation, and they axe then heated with a weak soda ley, after which stronger leys are used to complete the saponification. When the soap separates and the grain has the proper consistence, an infusion of lichen is added, when a perfectly smooth paste is formed. The soap consists of... 

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