Passive manipulation

Passive components (e.g., materials in storage tanks) can be described by shared variables denoted by Vi,..., vUv. The production and consumption of materials can be represented by actions, which either increase or decrease the value of the shared variables. The term shared refers to the fact that these variables can be manipulated by any automaton in the model. 

In addition to the universal concern for catalytic selectivity, the following reasons could be advanced to argue why an electrochemical scheme would be preferred over a thermal approach (i) There are experimental parameters (pH, solvent, electrolyte, potential) unique only to the electrode-solution interface which can be manipulated to dictate a certain reaction pathway, (ii) The presence of solvent and supporting electrolyte may sufficiently passivate the electrode surface to minimize catalytic fragmentation of starting materials. (iii) Catalyst poisons due to reagent decomposition may form less readily at ambient temperatures, (iv) The chemical behavior of surface intermediates formed in electrolytic solutions can be closely modelled after analogous well-characterized molecular or cluster complexes (1-8). (v)... 

The problem of an unphysical flow of ZPE is not a specific feature of the mapping approach, but represents a general flaw of quasi-classical trajectory methods. Numerous approaches have been proposed to fix the ZPE problem [223]. They include a variety of active methods [i.e., the flow of ZPE is controlled and (if necessary) manipulated during the course of individual trajectories] and several passive methods that, for example, discard trajectories not satisfying predefined criteria. However, most of these techniques share the problem that they manipulate individual trajectories, whereas the conservation of ZPE should correspond to a virtue of the ensemble average of trajectories. 

The microchip design can be classified into passive and active microchips. Passive microchips are made up of polymeric materials without any electronic components and control endocrine function by temporal release of therapeutic agents.9 Active microchips are made of silicon and are the electronic version of passive microchips. They supplement or manipulate endocrine function through release controlled by sensor activation. The microchips can be designed to store single or multiple chemicals in the reservoirs, and a complex release pattern can be achieved by opening different reservoirs at different times with the help of a... 

In most of the reactions discussed above the resulting monolayers are terminated by a methyl group. While these types of monolayers are useful for passivation and chemical stabilization, the low reactivity of the terminal group makes further manipulation of the surface physical or chemical properties difficult. In order to incorporate more complex organic or bio-organic structures at the interface, new strategies for coupling these molecules to the surface are required. 

Unavailability due to maintenance is not considered for the isolation system, because it is a passive system sunk in the hydrogen production process, which is only manipulated when the plant is offline. If a human error (during maintenance) were produced, it would be detected and corrected during the start-up sequence. 

In contrast to the conventional PRB, a permeable reactive treatment zone (PRTZ) is a geochemically manipulated subsurface zone where aquifer material is altered to promote destruction or immobilization of target chemicals (e.g., flushed with sodium dithionite to create a zone of reduced iron [20-23]). Passive reactive wells (PRWs) are a series of wells or caissons containing a treatment material, through which water flows because of a permeability contrast between the wells and aquifer. A biologically reactive barrier (BRB), sometimes called a biocurtain, is a subsurface zone where microbiological activity is enhanced or modified to provide treatment of target chemicals. 

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