Particle plants

Hassink, J. 1997. The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles. Plant and Soil 191 77-87. 

K Tabata, S Itoh, Y Yamamoto, S Okayama and M Nishimura (1985). Two plastoquinone A molecules are required for photosystem II activity analysis in hexane-extracted photosystem II particles. Plant Cell Physiol 26 855-863... 

Removal efficiency desired for various mist particles plant engineers shall specify this. It depends on the harmful effect of the mist on downstream equipment, emission through chimney. Example should specify 99.0 % for all particles above 3 p, 99.9 % for all particles above 5 p. 

It is obvious that the sample preparation technique used influences the detection limits. Table 1 shows this influence on various samples from different fields of application. Table 2 gives an overview of applications of TXRF already analysed. Figure 3 shows a spectrum of a water standard reference sample (NIST 1643c) obtained with a TXRF vacuum chamber, constructed at Atominstitut, Vienna. Generally, an excellent field of application of TXRF in trace element analysis can be seen in liquid samples. All kinds of liquids, ranging from different kinds of water to acids and oils, as well as body fluids, can be analysed. Environmental samples, like airborne particles, plant material or medical and biological samples such as tissue can be analysed directly on a reflector. 

Anderson MM, McCarty RE, Zimmer EA. Partial purification of a bean galactolipid lipase and its action on sub-chloroplast particles. Plant Physiol 1974 53 699-704. 

Precipitators are currently used for high collection efficiency on fine particles. The use of electric discharge to suppress smoke was suggested in 1828. The principle was rediscovered in 1850, and independently in 1886 and attempts were made to apply it commercially at the Dee Bank Lead Works in Great Britain. The installation was not considered a success, probably because of the cmde electrostatic generators of the day. No further developments occurred until 1906 when Frederick Gardiner Cottrell at the University of California revived interest (U.S. Pat. 895,729) in 1908. The first practical demonstration of a Cottrell precipitator occurred in a contact sulfuric acid plant at the Du Pont Hercules Works, Pinole, California, about 1907. A second installation was made at Vallejo Junction, California, for the Selby Smelting and Lead Company. 

Sodium Bicarbonate. Many soda ash plants convert a portion of their production to sodium bicarbonate [144-55-8], NaHCO. Soda ash is typically dissolved, carbonated, and cooled to crystallize sodium bicarbonate. The mother Hquor is heated and recycled. The soHd bicarbonate is dried in flash or tray driers, screened, and separated into various particle size ranges. Bicarbonate markets include food, pharmaceuticals, catde feed, and fire extinguishers. U.S. demand was approximately 320,000 t in 1989 world demand was estimated at one million metric tons. 

Essentially all the ammonium sulfate fertilizer used in the United States is by-product material. By-product from the acid scmbbing of coke oven gas is one source. A larger source is as by-product ammonium sulfate solution from the production of caprolactam (qv) and acrylonitrile, (qv) which are synthetic fiber intermediates. A third but lesser source is from the ammoniation of spent sulfuric acid from other processes. In the recovery of by-product crystals from each of these sources, the crystallization usually is carried out in steam-heated sa turator—crystallizers. Characteristically, crystallizer product is of a particle size about 90% finer than 16 mesh (ca 1 mm dia), which is too small for satisfactory dry blending with granular fertilizer materials. Crystals of this size are suitable, however, as a feed material to mixed fertilizer granulation plants, and this is the main fertilizer outlet for by-product ammonium sulfate. 

The actual flotation phenomenon occurs in flotation cells usually arranged in batteries (12) and in industrial plants and individual cells can be any size from a few to 30 m in volume. Column cells have become popular, particularly in the separation of very fine particles in the minerals industry and coUoidal precipitates in environmental appHcations. Such cells can vary from 3 to 9 m in height and have circular or rectangular cross sections of 0.3 to 1.5 m wide. They essentially simulate a number of conventional cells stacked up on top of one another (Fig. 3). Microbubble flotation is a variant of column flotation, where gas bubbles are consistently in the range of 10—50 p.m. 

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