PART 2. LITHIUM BATTERIES

The electronic circuit of the safety sensor consists of a p-type silicon electrode, an LED, a resistor, two 3 V lithium batteries, and a platinum wire as a counter electrode, connected in series, as shown in the right part of Fig. 10.7. These components are assembled in a pen-like housing, optimized to measure even thin layers of liquid on a flat surface, as shown in the left part of Fig. 10.7. This configuration is advantageous if a puddle, observed for example under a wet bench or other equipment, is to be analyzed. 

Another approach is to use a lithium/sulfur cell with nonaqueous electrolyte systems. Rechargeable lithium batteries are being developed for portable power applications such as electric vehicles, partly because of their specific energy ranges 100-150 Wh kg (and... 

A major part of the work with nonaqueous electrolyte solutions in modern electrochemistry relates to the field of batteries. Many important kinds of novel, high energy density batteries are based on highly reactive anodes, especially lithium, Li alloys, and lithiated carbons, in polar aprotic electrolyte systems. In fact, a great part of the literature related to nonaqueous electrolyte solutions which has appeared during the past two decades is connected to lithium batteries. These facts justify the dedication of a separate chapter in this book to the electrochemical behavior of active metal electrodes. 

A wide variety of carbonaceous materials can intercalate or insert lithium reversibly and thus may be candidates for anodes for lithium ion batteries. In recent years, many types of carbons have been tested as alternative anodes for rechargeable lithium batteries, part of which have found use as anodes in practical, commercial lithium ion batteries. The most straightforward way of classifying these electrodes is according to the type of the carbon, which determines their capacity and basic electrochemical behavior. The major types of carbons tested in recent years as anode materials for Li ion batteries are listed below ... 

Jamnik J, Maier J. Nanocrystallinity effects in lithium battery materials - aspects of nanoionics. Part IV. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2003 5(23) 5215-20. 

Refs. [i] West AR (1988) Basic solid state chemistry. Wiley New York, pp 323 [ii] Nazri GA, Pistoia G (eds) (2004) Lithium batteries Science and technology Kluwer, Boston, parts I-III [Hi] David WIF, Shank-land K, McCusker LB, Baerlocher C (eds) (2002) Structure determination from powder diffraction data. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 337 [iv] Jenkins R, Snyder RL (1996) Introduction to X-ray powder diffractometry. Wiley, New York, pp 403 [v] Baehtz C, Buhrmester T, Bramnik NN, Nikolowski K, Ehrenberg H (2005) Solid State Ionics 176 1647... 

The receipt of research grant under the internal research program Technological Development of High Performance Lithium Battery from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 2000/2002 is gratefully acknowledged. This work was partly supported by the Brain Korea 21 project. 

Young, W.-S., Kuan, W.-R, Epps, T. H. (2014). Block copolymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries, I. Pnivm. Sci. Part B Polvm. Phvs.. 52(1), 1-16. 

Jamnik, ]., and Maier, J. (2003]. Nanocrystallinity effects in lithium battery materials Aspects of nano-ionics. Part IV. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5(23] pp. 5215-5220. 

The situation should then be favourable if the ion electric carriers would take part in the Faradaic process at the inner botmdary inside the film. The ions could pass across the film discharging at the metal/film interface or, vice versa, liberating in the Faradaic process at this interface, and passing through the film into the bulk of the electrolyte. The processes at the negative electrode of a lithium battery (Li metal or Li/C intercalate compound) could be an example of such situation. 

Sun, X. G. AngeU, C. A., New sulfone electrolytes for rechaigeable lithium batteries, part I. oligoether-containing sulfones, Electrochem. Commun. 2005, 7,261-266. 

Ionic cathodes have been investigated most widely in the context of lithium batteries. In part this is because of the small size of the Li ion, and therefore its ease of diffusion and intercalation, and in part because there was already substantial interest in lithium batteries on account of their high energy densities. 

Sarciaux S, Le Gal La Salle A, Verbaere A, Piffard Y, Guyomard D (1999) y-Mn02 for li batteries part I. y-Mn02 relationships between synthesis conditions, material characteristics and performances in lithium batteries. J Power Sources 81-82 656-660... 

Georen P, Lindbergh G (2004) Characterisation and modelling of the transport properties in lithium battery gel electrolytes Part I. The binary electrolyte PC/LiC104. Electrochim Acta 49 3497... 

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