PART II

In part II, we examine the substances that were actually subjects of the ontological transformation connected with the modern chemical conceptual system of compound and affinity. The topic of this part is thus the world of pure chemical substances along with eighteenth-century chemists modes of classifying these substances based on their knowledge of chemical composition. 

1 At this point we are not yet discussing issues concerning material transformation. 

To treat the Tableau in this way and use it as a mirror of several significant facets of the world of pure chemical substances means to address and discuss in turn several different aspects and dimensions of this classificatory table. This implies that answers to questions that suggest themselves in the course of the investigation must often be postponed to later chapters that can build on a more complete picture. Therefore it may be particularly desirable at the outset to present a clear overview about how we will proceed in part II. 

In chapter 4 we will discuss the concrete circumstances under which Lavoisier and his collaborators constructed the classification of substances represented in the tableau as a means of nomenclatural reform. Apart from information on the persons involved and the institutional conditions, we will pay particular attention to four issues 1) the new nomenclature s role in propagating Lavoisier s new chemical system 2) chemists request for a new chemical nomenclature 3) the question of whether the new nomenclature indicated a divorce of academic from practical artisa- 

In chapter 5, foundations wiU be laid for the subsequent inquiries by a minute description of the table. This description will be aided by diagrams to which one can come back in the course of the following investigations. These diagrams also provide a sketchy overview of the table for those readers who do not wish to follow each and every detail of the description. The description will end with an analysis of formal classificatory features such as the table s classificatory ranks, its remarkable matrix structure, and the significance of this structure for the construction of chemical names. 

The aim of this Art is to discover the source of long life and riches, two foundations upon which the happiness of this human existence rests. It has always been a mystery and those who have treated of it, have in all times spoken of it, as a Science, the practice of which contains something surprising, and the result of which partakes of the nature of the miracle in itself and in its effects. God, the Author of Nature, whom the Philosopher proposes to imitate alone, can enlighten and guide the human mind in the search for this inestimable treasure, and in the labyrinth of the operations of this Art. So all these authors recommend one to address one s self to the Creator, and to demand from Him this favor with much fervor and perseverance. 

Worship God alone love Him with all your heart, and your neighbour as yourself. Have always the glory of God as the aim of all your actions call upon Him He will hear you, glorify Him, He will exalt you. 

Sciences are acquired only by study, by meditation, and not by dispute. Leam a little at a time repeat often the same study the mind can do all when concentrated upon one sole object, but nothing when trying to embrace too many. 

Knowledge, joined by experience, forms the truest wisdom. Lacking it, one must have recourse to opinion, to doubt, to conjecture and to authority. 

The subjects of Science are God, the Universe, or Macrocosm, and Man. Man has been made for God, Woman for God and Man, and the other creatures for Man and Woman, (Sap. Chap. 9, v.2 and follow.), so that they should make use of them for their occupations, their own preservation, and the glory of their common Author. Above all act so as to be always in harmony with God and your neighbour. Vengeance is a weakness in Man. Never make an enemy and if one does evil to you, it would be better and more noble, to avenge yourself by doing good to him. 

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Carbonate Reservoir Characterization A Geologic-Engineering Analysis, Part II... 

Part II Qualitative control and long term stability of imaging devices... 

Part II Qualitative Control and Long Term Stability of Imaging Devices... 

F. P. Bowden and D. Tabor, The Friction and Lubrication of Solids, Part I (1950) and Part II (1964), Clarendon Press, Oxford. 

Kramers H A and Wannier G H 1941 Statistics of the two-dimensional ferromagnet part II Phys. Rev. 60 263... 

Anet F A L and O Leary D J 1992 The shielding tensor. Part II. Understanding its strange effects on relaxation Concepts Magn. Reson. 4 35-52... 

Cantor C R and Schimmel P R 1980 Biophysical Chemistry, Part II Techniques for the Study of Biological Structure and Function (San Francisco Freeman)... 

Maaloum M, Chretien D, Karsenti E and FIdrber J K FI 1994 Approaching microtubule structure with the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) J. Ceii Sc/. 107 part II 3127... 

Bowden F P and Tabor D 1964 Friction and Lubrication of Soiids Part II (Oxford Oxford University Press)... 

Sheppard N and De La Cruz C 1998 Vibrational spectra of hydrocarbons adsorbed on metals. Part II. Adsorbed acyclic alkynes and alkanes, cyclic hydrocarbons including aromatics and surface hydrocarbon groups derived from the decomposition of alkyl halides, etc Adv. Catal. 42 181-313... 

Baer M 1992 State Selected and State-to-State Ion-Molecule Reaction Dynamics. Part II Theory ed M Baer and C Y Ng (New York Wley)... 

Pieranski P, Brochard F and Guyon E 1973 Static and dynamic behavior of a nematic liquid crystal in a magnetic field. Part II Dynamics J.Physique 34 35-48... 

Harper J M E, Cuomo J J and Kaufman H R 1982 Technology and applications of broad-beam ion sources used in sputtering. Part II. Applications J. Vac. Sc/. Technol. 21 737-56... 

These preparations, with those noted in the Preface to the Third Edition, cover a considerable proportion of the standard synthetic reactions. Most of these preparations come towards the end of Part II Preparations), and both elementary and advanced students should have no difficulty in selecting the preparative work they require. 

The experiments described in Part I have been numbered, as they form a graded series to illustrate the chief manipulative processes employed in practical organic chemistry. The experiments in Parts II-V have not been numbered, as in general a selection must be made from them. In each part of the book, the experiments have been arranged as far as possible in logical order, although occasionally (as in Part IV) this is not necessarily the order of increasing difficulty. 

The data refer to various temperatures between 18 and 25°C, and were compiled from values cited by Bjerrum, Schwarzenbach, and Sillen, Stability Constants of Metal Complexes, part II, Chemical Society, London, 1958, and values taken from publications of the lUPAC Solubility Data Project Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979-1992 H. L. Clever, and F. J. Johnston, J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data, 9 751 (1980) Y. Marcus, Ibid. 9 1307 (1980) H. L. Clever, S. A. Johnson, and M. E. Derrick, Ibid. 14 631 (1985), and 21 941 (1992). 

In the last section we examined some of the categories into which polymers can be classified. Various aspects of molecular structure were used as the basis for classification in that section. Next we shall consider the chemical reactions that produce the molecules as a basis for classification. The objective of this discussion is simply to provide some orientation and to introduce some typical polymers. For this purpose a number of polymers may be classified as either addition or condensation polymers. Each of these classes of polymers are discussed in detail in Part II of this book, specifically Chaps. 5 and 6 for condensation and addition, respectively. Even though these categories are based on the reactions which produce the polymers, it should not be inferred that only two types of polymerization reactions exist. We have to start somewhere, and these two important categories are the usual place to begin. 

Ref. 160, p. 361 Mir Pollution Manual, Part II, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Detroit, Mich., 1968, p. 29. 

G. M. Ritcey and A. W. Ashbrook, S olvent Extraction Principles and Applications to Process Metallurgy, Part II, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1979. 

C. J. Hoffman, Phosphorus—Fluorine Oxidi rs, PF-150613-1, Part 7, Propulsion Chemistry Part II, Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Missiles and Space Div., Burbank, Calif., 1959. 

P. Sabatier, Catalysis, Then andNow, Part II, Franklin Publishing Co., Englewood, N.J., 1965. 

D. R. Baker, J. G. Fenyes, and W. K. Moberg, eds.. Synthesis and Chemistry of Agrochemicals Part II, ACS Symposium Series 443, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1991. 

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