Hazard Evaluation and Limiting Concentrations see also Part II, Chapter

Hazard Evaluation and Limiting Concentrations (see also Part II, Chapters) 

Epidemiological studies have shown an association between occupational exposure to chromium and a number of disease states. Because exposure, particularly of workers in the past, may have been to a complex mixture of chromium(III), chro-mium(VI) and other chemicals, the actual etiology of some of the health risks may not have been identified (Gauglhofer and Bianchi 1991 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1998). 

Most current regulatory standards for soil chromium(VI) limits in the U.S. have been based on inhalation or ingestion exposures these range from 50 to 10000 mg kg chro-mium(VI) (Proctor etal. 1997). Some agencies have suggested that chromium (VI) 

Contact dermatitis can occur from exposure to cement and has been considered an occupational hazard for construction workers (Turk and Rietschel 1993 Roto et al. 1996 Zachariae et al. 1996). The problem develops because chromium(VI)-con-taining residues from blast furnaces are incorporated into cement. Some countries add ferrous sulfate to cement to reduce the amount of soluble hexavalent chromate in the product (Turk and Rietschel 1993 Roto etal. 1996 Zachariae etal. 1996). In the UK, chromium and chromates accounted for 8.1% of the allergic contact dermatitis cases (Meyer et al. 2000). In Finland, chromium causes 5.6% of ACD, with tanners, cast concrete workers, leader goods workers, and metal plating/coating workers being at greatest risk (Kanerva et al. 2000). In Denmark, the chromium(VI) content of 35% of 

The risk of cancer among former chromium smelter workers was found to be significantly increased, despite cessation of exposure. Proportionate cancer mortality ratios (PCMR) for lung cancer were calculated as 1.51 for white men and 1.34 for black men. The PCMR for nasal cavity/ sinus cancer was 5.18 (Rosenman and Stan-bury 1996). However, a group of workers in stainless steel production with low exposure to various forms of chromium did not show clinical changes in the nasal mucosa or symptoms of nasal diseases, except for 

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